[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-325430-105":59,"doc-detail-325430-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","water-meters-and-the-elimination-of-waste-a-study-of-new-york-citys-water-supply-problems","Water Meters and the Elimination of Waste - A Study of New York City's Water Supply Problems","","A 1927 Water Works Research Bureau study argues that waste in New York City’s water system can be reduced through universal water metering. It explains water as a free resource only in watersheds, then as a valuable commodity once delivered to consumers. The report cites officials’ admissions of waste, quotes a municipal water supply source recommending meters, and details expected economic, efficiency, and fairness benefits. Examples from multiple U.S. cities support reductions in consumption while preserving normal water use.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/water-meters-and-the-elimination-of-waste-a-study-of-new-york-citys-water-supply-problems/325430/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/water-meters-and-the-elimination-of-waste-a-study-of-new-york-citys-water-supply-problems/325430.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the report claim that water metering can reduce waste?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It states that meters create a personal interest for each household to reduce consumption, addressing waste within houses and discouraging excessive use.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the report say about New York City’s water use and the scale of waste?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It estimates that about one-third of the approximately 830,000,000 gallons delivered daily is wasted and paid for by citizens.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the report support its argument using experiences from other cities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It lists consumption reductions reported after metering in several cities, noting that citizens there continued bathing, cleaning, cooking, and using water as before while waste and leakages were cut.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},325430,1790504226,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},5909877438554,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272","97-84076-26  \nNew York (N.Y.)WaterWorks Research Bureau  \nWater meters and theelimination of waste  \nNew York  \n1927  \n# COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIESPRESERVATION DIVISIONBIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET\n\nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED-EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \nRESTRICTIONS ON USE:   eproductions may not be made without pemission from Columbia UniversityLibraries.              \n# TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA\n\nFILM SIZE:          35mmREDUCTION RATIO:            9:1  \nIMAGE PLACEMENT:  \nDATE FILMED:                  5-7-92INITIALS:          16  \nTBACKING\\#:                                                                                                          23904   \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \n\n| Water Meters  \u003Cbr>and the  \u003Cbr>Elimination of Waste   |\n| --- |\n\n308  \nZ  \nBo×253  \n## A Study of New York City'sWater Supply Problems\n\nWater Metersand the  \nElimination of WasteA Study of New York City'sWater Supply ProblemsCompiled by the  \nWATER WORKS RESEARCH BUREAU50 East 42nd Street,New York CityAPRIL,1927  \nA Meter's Duty  \nExperience in cities where meters havebeen installed on all water connectionsshows that universal metering:will stop the waste of waterwill not limit the legitimate use ofwater  \nFeb.4,1930 DA  \nwill conserve water resourceswill increase the storage in its relationsto a given population  \nwill reduce the capital and per capitainvestment  \nwill bring about a reduction in the taxrate  \nwill reduce cost of water to the indi-vidual citizen  \nwill reduce the cost of operating sew-age disposal plants  \nwill increase the capacity of the mainsat a cost far below that requiredfor an equivalent capacity in newmains  \nwill place more water at each citizen'sdisposal  \nwill reduce the total water supplied tofrom 30 to 60 per cent.of that fur-nished on an unmetered basis.3  \nBCA1USEthe slogan,\"Waterr is asTeeas air,,\"has been impressedd uponthe great mass of the public,and becausesome landlords fear their tenants wouldabnormally waste water,metering theCity of New York has not been accomp-lished,despite incontrovertible proof thatsuch a step would result in the saving ofhundreds of millions of dollars.  \nWater is as free as air—when it is in thecreeks and rivers of the watersheds.Butwhen water is impounded.purified and delivered to the faucet of the consumer,itbecomes a valuable commodity.The smallamount which the average citizen uses isa negligible quantity—it costs only $3.65for every member of a family of five totake a bath every day in the year,payingfor the water at current New York Citymeter rates.  \nThe average citizen needs only 25 to 30gallons of water a day for purposes ofhealth,cleanliness,laundry and the like.New York City residents do not differfrom others and this same amount ofwater should suffice.An analysis of thedaily consumption in this city shows,however,that approximately one-third ofthe 830,000,000 gallons delivered daily iswasted—and paid for by the citizens.  \nOfficials Admit Waste  \nCity officials admit the waste and waterworks engineers prove that it exists.Howcan this waste be eliminated?This ques-tion is best answered by a quotation from“The Municipal Water Supply System ofthe City of New York—A General De-scription,\"published in April,1923,whichsays\"The most effective known remedyagainst waste within houses is the instal-lation of water meters,for each house-holder then has a personal interest in re-ducing it to a minimum.”  \nWater meters from the viewpoint of theengineer are a necessity in the interest ofefficiency and economy.Meters are in-stalled on electric_power lines and gasmains,because the flat rate method of pay-ment is not equitable and because con-sumers would waste electric current andgas,if the meters were not registering theconsumption.Installation of meters onwater mains would have the same psycho-logical effect—the consumers would elimi-nate all the waste possible.  \nThe word\"meter\"raises a fear inthe heart of the average citizen—thesame citizen who carefully","cbCaikQmHiT4E8AH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikQmHiT4E8AH","pdf",1200584,24,"English","# Technical Microform Data\n## A Meter's Duty\n## What Other Cities Did\n## Officials Admit Waste\n## Water is as Free as Air—when in the Watersheds","[{\"question\":\"Why does the report claim that water metering can reduce waste?\",\"answer\":\"It states that meters create a personal interest for each household to reduce consumption, addressing waste within houses and discouraging excessive use.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the report say about New York City’s water use and the scale of waste?\",\"answer\":\"It estimates that about one-third of the approximately 830,000,000 gallons delivered daily is wasted and paid for by citizens.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report support its argument using experiences from other cities?\",\"answer\":\"It lists consumption reductions reported after metering in several cities, noting that citizens there continued bathing, cleaning, cooking, and using water as before while waste and leakages were cut.\"}]","Water Meters and the Elimination of Waste - A Study of New York City's Water Supply Problems | PDF",1789970477]