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Using long-term historical temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity records from Ghana’s climatic zones, the study quantifies environmental trends and feeds them into simple climate-driven biological models. The models estimate effects on Anopheles mosquito lifespan, Vectorial Capacity, and the Extrinsic Incubation Period of malaria parasites. Results show sustained temperature warming (>1.5°C), reduced relative humidity, and no consistent rainfall trends, alongside declining mosquito longevity and shortened parasite development time.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/warming-temperatures-reduce-lifespan-and-vectorial-capacity-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-in-ghana/451128/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/warming-temperatures-reduce-lifespan-and-vectorial-capacity-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-in-ghana/451128.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What climate variables were analyzed in the Ghana study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Long-term historical temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity data were analyzed across Ghana’s climatic zones.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did temperature and relative humidity trends affect mosquito and parasite indicators?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study found significant long-term temperature warming (>1.5°C) and a marked decline in relative humidity, which corresponded to reduced mosquito lifespan and a shortened extrinsic incubation period.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Did Vectorial Capacity show long-term changes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Vectorial Capacity did not show clear long-term trends, but its values were generally below 10, indicating low-to-moderate malaria transmission potential nationwide.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},451128,1791097817,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","Infectious Disease Modelling 11 (2026) 652–670  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nInfectious Disease Modelling  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www . keaipublishing . com/idm)[ www . keaipublishing . com/idm](homepage: www . keaipublishing . com/idm)  \n| Warming temperatures reduce lifespan and vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ghana |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Edmund I. Yamba a, *, Kingsley Badub, Thomas A. Kyeimiah c,\u003Cbr>Nathaniel O. Abrokwahd, Stephen Asare e, Mary J. Adjei a, Joyce Ama Johnson f, Leonard K. Amekudzi a\u003Cbr>a Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana b Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana c Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Canada\u003Cbr>d Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, USA e Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, USA\u003Cbr>f Department of Research and Applied Meteorology, Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMet), Accra, Ghana |  |  |\n| a r t i c l e i n f o | a b s t r a c t\u003Cbr>Climate change and variability are altering the ecology of malaria vectors, with implications for disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we analysed long-term historical temperature, rainfall and relative humidity data across Ghana's climatic zones to evaluate their trends. We then incorporated these data into simple climate-driven biological models to assess how they impacted Anopheles mosquito lifespan, their Vectorial Capacity and Extrinsic Incubation Period of malaria parasites. This approach allowed us to assess the potential impacts of climate change on malaria transmission dynamics in the country. The analysis revealed, on the long-term, significant temperature warming (over 1.5◦ C), marked decline in relative humidity, and no clear trends in rainfall across all climatic zones. Similarly, Anopheles mosquito lifespan (with seasonal variations of 5–11 days in the north and 9–14 days in the south) showed long-term decline while Extrinsic Incubation Period (with seasonal average range of 6–11 days in the north and up to 13 days in the south) showed shortened development time. Even though Vectorial Capacity showed no clear long-term trends, its values were generally below 10, indicating low-to-moderate malaria transmission potential nationwide. Although regional and local microclimatic variations may continue to support localized malaria transmission risk, the long-term rise in temperatures and decline in humidity are likely reducing mosquito longevity and malaria transmission potential in Ghana. These findings underscore the importance of climate-informed and region-specific strategies in the National Malaria Elimination Program to improve targeted interventions and optimize vector control efforts.\u003Cbr>© 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)). |  |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 11 May 2025\u003Cbr>Received in revised form 13 October 2025 Accepted 11 December 2025\u003Cbr>Available online 15 December 2025 Handling Editor: Dr Yijun Lou |  |  |\n| Keywords: Temperature Warming Mosquito Lifespan Vectorial capacity Ghana |  |  |\n\n* Corresponding author.  \nE-mail address: [eiyamba@knust.edu.gh](eiyamba@knust.edu.gh) (E.I. Yamba).  \nPeer review under the responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2025.12.011](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2025.12.011)  \n2468-0427/© 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)).  \nE.I. Yamba","cbCaip7B64HdxOth","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip7B64HdxOth","pdf",8102568,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa\n## Malaria control efforts and vector ecology in Ghana\n# Climate-driven modelling approach\n## Environmental trend analysis\n## Biological impact on malaria transmission components","[{\"question\":\"What climate variables were analyzed in the Ghana study?\",\"answer\":\"Long-term historical temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity data were analyzed across Ghana’s climatic zones.\"},{\"question\":\"How did temperature and relative humidity trends affect mosquito and parasite indicators?\",\"answer\":\"The study found significant long-term temperature warming (\\u003e1.5°C) and a marked decline in relative humidity, which corresponded to reduced mosquito lifespan and a shortened extrinsic incubation period.\"},{\"question\":\"Did Vectorial Capacity show long-term changes?\",\"answer\":\"Vectorial Capacity did not show clear long-term trends, but its values were generally below 10, indicating low-to-moderate malaria transmission potential nationwide.\"}]","Warming temperatures reduce lifespan and vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ghana | PDF",1790734433,48]