[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-85836-en":3,"doc-seo-85836-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},85836,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","VRExplorer: A Model-based Approach for Semi-Automated Testing of Virtual Reality Scenes","VRExplorer addresses the urgent need for assuring VR software quality as VR markets expand rapidly in scale and complexity. VR testing differs from conventional software due to diverse interactions, complex 3D environments, and task execution sequences that hinder existing tools. The paper introduces a model-based testing framework using the Entity, Action, and Task (EAT) representation, powering a Unity NavMesh-based exploration agent and a PFSM-driven interaction executor. Evaluations on 11 VR projects show higher coverage and efficiency than VRGuide, with up to 122.8% ELOC coverage improvement and detection of real functional and non-functional bugs.","VRExplorer: A Model-based Approach for Semi-Automated Testing of Virtual Reality Scenes  \nZhengyang Zhu∗‡, Hong-Ning Dai†, Hanyang Guo∗ , Zeqin Liao∗ , Zibin Zheng∗  \n∗ School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China {zhuzhy57, guohy36, [liaozq8](liaozq8}@mail2.sysu.edu.cn)[}](liaozq8}@mail2.sysu.edu.cn)[@mail2.sysu.edu.cn](liaozq8}@mail2.sysu.edu.cn), [zhzibin@mail.sysu.edu.cn](zhzibin@mail.sysu.edu.cn)[ ](zhzibin@mail.sysu.edu.cn)†Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, [hndai@ieee.org](hndai@ieee.org)  \n‡Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China  \narXiv :2607 . 10 174v 1 [ cs . SE] 11 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—With the proliferation of Virtual Reality (VR) markets, VR applications are rapidly expanding in scale and complexity, thereby driving an urgent need for assuring VR software quality. Different from traditional mobile applications and computer software, VR testing faces unique challenges due to diverse interactions with virtual objects, complex 3D virtual environments, and intricate sequences to complete tasks. All of these emerging challenges hinder existing VR testing tools from effectively and systematically testing VR applications. In this paper, we present VRExplorer, a novel model-based testing tool to effectively interact with diverse virtual objects and explore complex VR scenes. Particularly, we design the Entity, Action, and Task (EAT) framework for modeling diverse VR interactions in a generic way. Built upon the EAT framework, we then present the VRExplorer agent, which can achieve effective scene exploration by incorporating meticulously designed path-finding algorithms into Unity’s NavMesh. Moreover, the VRExplorer agent can also systematically execute interaction decisions ontop of the Probabilistic Finite State Machine (PFSM). Experimental evaluation on 11 representative VR projects shows that VRExplorer consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) approach VRGuide by achieving significantly higher coverage and better efficiency. Specifically, VRExplorer yields up to 122.8% and 52.8% improvements over VRGuide in terms of executable lines of code (ELOC) coverage and method (function) coverage, respectively. Furthermore, ablation results also verify the essential contributions of each designed module. More importantly, our VRExplorer has successfully detected two functional bugs and one non-functional bug from real-world projects.  \nIndex Terms—Software Testing, Virtual Reality, Model-based Testing, Scene Exploration  \n© 2025 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nVirtual reality (VR), working together with other relevant technologies, such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Extended Reality (XR), aims to provide users with an immersive mixed reality (MR) experience [1] . Current VR applications have proliferated in diverse fields, such as medical treatment, education, audiovisual entertainment, training simulations, manufacturing, and gaming [1–6] . According to Fortune’s market report [7], the global VR market is projected to grow from $44 .4 billion in 2025 to $244 . 84 billion in 2032 .  \nWith the proliferation of VR markets, VR applications are also rapidly expanding in terms of scale and complexity. Ensuring the software quality of such complex VR applications  \nbecomes an urgent need. As a critical procedure of software development, testing can thoroughly evaluate a software to check whether both requirements and functional needs are fulfilled without defects. To cater to this growing demand in VR applications, extensive efforts have been made in VR testing, while many of them still largely rel","cbCaifp8BrRowPxr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifp8BrRowPxr","pdf",2447183,4,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## VR testing challenges\n## Proposed model-based approach (EAT, agent, PFSM)\n## Experimental evaluation","[{\"question\":\"What unique challenges does VR testing face compared with traditional software testing?\",\"answer\":\"VR testing must handle diverse interactions with virtual objects, complex 3D scene exploration state spaces, and nontrivial sequences of tasks that users complete in VR.\"},{\"question\":\"How does VRExplorer model VR interactions and tasks?\",\"answer\":\"VRExplorer uses an Entity, Action, and Task (EAT) framework to represent diverse VR interactions generically, enabling systematic testing based on modeled behavior.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence shows VRExplorer improves testing effectiveness over existing tools?\",\"answer\":\"Experiments on 11 representative VR projects show VRExplorer achieves significantly higher coverage and better efficiency than VRGuide, with reported improvements up to 122.8% for ELOC coverage and 52.8% for function coverage, and it detected multiple bugs from real 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