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The discussion highlights Latin’s geographic spread, its openness to new formations and reintroduced words, and its ability to shift meanings. It also contrasts classical, late, and medieval periods, noting changes in word hoards, productive prefix and suffix building, phonetic developments, and borrowings from Romance and Germanic sources.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/vocabulary-word-formation-and-lexicography-by-richard-sharpe-overview/422912/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/vocabulary-word-formation-and-lexicography-by-richard-sharpe-overview/422912.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why has a comprehensive dictionary of Medieval Latin been difficult to complete?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Because Medieval Latin is highly fluid and versatile: it readily forms new words, reintroduces words from earlier use, changes meanings, and accepts borrowings and new formations from many sources. Dictionary compilers must therefore process texts across all subjects, periods, and registers.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does classical Latin differ in its word hoard compared with later Latin?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Classical Latin has a limited word hoard restricted to the vocabulary of approved authors over a relatively short period. After the classical period, many words not used by classical authors appear in a broader range of writers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors drove new word formation and borrowing in Late and Medieval Latin?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"New formations became visible as literary language loosened classical constraints, phonetic changes contributed to the development of Romance languages, and Germanic incursions introduced institutions and words borrowed from Germanic vernaculars.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},422912,1790693560,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Copyright @ 1996. Catholic University of America Press .  \nAll rights reserved . May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U .S . or applicable copyright law .  \nPage 93  \nCD—  \nVocabulary, Word Formation, and Lexicography  \nBy Richard Sharpe  \nThe word hoard of Medieval Latin has never been effectively compassed in a dictionary. The reasons for this are various. First among them is the geographical spread of Latin, as a spoken and written language in the Romance language area, as a second language where the first language had no Latin basis, and as a strictly learned language used as an international medium. Another reason is the readiness of Medieval Latin to admit new words or to readmit words fallen from use, to change the meaning of words, and to form new words from Latin building blocks. This openness extended to words from the first languages of those who used Latin as a second language, whether that was Irish or Finnish or Hungarian. The way in which Latin was used allowed for new formations or loans to be created almost at will, giving avery wide range of words between those permanently part of the word hoard and mere nonce words. Third, Latin has a very long history, and throughout the Middle Ages the texts of earlier generations were read and studied; taste could lead at one period to novelty and experiment in the use of words, and at another to a preference for the vocabulary of older and more respected authors. Fourth, the medieval use of Latin for a thousand years, through so much of Europe and for all literate purposes, produced a vast body of texts, preserving examples of all the richness and variety of the language. This would not in itself be an obstacle to the making of a comprehensive dictionary, if the language itself were not so fluid and versatile; but because of its openness to new word formations within Latin and new borrowings from outside, Medieval Latin requires that the compilers of dictionaries go through texts ofall types, on all subjects, from all areas and all periods. It is not surprising, therefore, that a comprehensive dictionary has eluded us. Almost none of the modern dictionaries covers the whole alphabet, but for basic purposes it is possible to get by with a good dictionary of Classical Latin [CD17–19] and a selective dictionary of Medieval Latin [CD22]. Some skill is involved in getting the best out of any dictionary.  \nThe classical language has a limited word hoard—the vocabulary used by approved authors over a period of less than 300 years, from Lucretius to the younger Pliny. From the end of the classical period very many words not used by classical authors are seen in the works ofa wide range of authors. Some of these usages can be found in preclassical writers such as Plautus, but they were avoided by those authors preserved as the classical canon. Thus delicia orfacetia are used in the singular by  \nCopyright @ 1996. Catholic University of America Press .  \nAll rights reserved . May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U . .S or applicable copyright law .  \nPage 94  \nPlautus and by Aulus Gellius, but in the classical period both words are used only in the plural form; medieval usage commonly retained the plural deliciae, but facetia became normal. In Late Latin, therefore, one aspect of the changing word hoard is the use in polite literature of colloquialisms, avoided by the best authors for several generations but always there in ordinary use. The formation of new words by the productive use of prefixes and suffixes had probably been going on in ordinary Latin through the classical period, but it becomes visible only at the point when the literary language shakes off the formal constraints of classical taste. The eleventh century manuscript of Tacitus's Annales offers a single example of exspectabilis (Ann. 16.21), where editors, no doubt correctly, p","cbCaioCJalUIt5gd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioCJalUIt5gd","pdf",249157,11,"English","# Vocabulary and the limits of dictionary coverage\n## Medieval Latin openness and word hoards\n## Classical versus late word changes\n## Productive formations and borrowing\n## Register differences across centuries","[{\"question\":\"Why has a comprehensive dictionary of Medieval Latin been difficult to complete?\",\"answer\":\"Because Medieval Latin is highly fluid and versatile: it readily forms new words, reintroduces words from earlier use, changes meanings, and accepts borrowings and new formations from many sources. Dictionary compilers must therefore process texts across all subjects, periods, and registers.\"},{\"question\":\"How does classical Latin differ in its word hoard compared with later Latin?\",\"answer\":\"Classical Latin has a limited word hoard restricted to the vocabulary of approved authors over a relatively short period. After the classical period, many words not used by classical authors appear in a broader range of writers.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors drove new word formation and borrowing in Late and Medieval Latin?\",\"answer\":\"New formations became visible as literary language loosened classical constraints, phonetic changes contributed to the development of Romance languages, and Germanic incursions introduced institutions and words borrowed from Germanic vernaculars.\"}]","Vocabulary, Word Formation, and Lexicography - By Richard Sharpe - Overview | PDF",1790629283,28]