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The review was registered in PROSPERO and followed PRISMA, searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science through August 2025. Seven studies were included, showing markedly higher deficiency rates in OLK/OSCC versus healthy controls and consistently lower serum vitamin D concentrations in OSCC.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/vitamin-d-status-in-patients-with-oral-leukoplakia-and-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/346272/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/vitamin-d-status-in-patients-with-oral-leukoplakia-and-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/346272.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To synthesize evidence on vitamin D status in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and quantify differences versus healthy controls.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How was the literature search and study selection performed?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The review was registered in PROSPERO and followed PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science through August 2025 with additional manual reference-list searches.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What were the main findings regarding vitamin D deficiency and serum levels?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Vitamin D deficiency rates were substantially higher in OLK/OSCC than in healthy controls at two thresholds, and serum vitamin D concentrations were consistently lower in OSCC compared with healthy controls.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},346272,1790067220,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Liu et al. BMCOral Health (2026) 26:109 BMC Oral Health  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-07636-1](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-07636-1)  \nSYSTEMATIC REVIEW Open Access  \nVitamin D status in patients with oral  \nleukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis  \nJunjiang Liu 1,2†, Ren Li 1,2†, Yue Zhang2, Huiling Tan 1,2, Yu Sun3 and Ying Liu 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nBackground Vitamin D deficiency has been widely evidenced to be associated with promoting cancer progression. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis and systematic review of studies assessing vitamin D status in oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) .  \nMethods This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251113481) and followed PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, with manual searches of reference lists through August 2025. Meta-analyses of proportion deficiency were performed using random-effects models.  \nResults A total of seven studies met inclusion criteria, involving a total of 317 healthy controls, 45 OLK patients, and 168 OSCC patients. Vitamin D deficiency rates were 45%(threshold: 30 ng/mL) and 65%(35 ng/mL) in healthy controls, exceeding 90% in OLK/OSCC patients at both thresholds. Compared with healthy controls, a significant difference was observed in the forest plot in OLK patients (odds ratio (OR) = 36 . 84, 95% CI: 7 .35–184. 51, I2 = 0%), and in OSCC patients (OR = 32 .43, 95% CI: 4 .40–238. 96, I2 = 35 . 5% at 30 ng/mL; OR = 4 . 67, 95% CI: 2 .31–9.45, I2 = 0% at 35 ng/mL) . Serum vitamin D concentrations were consistently lower in OSCC patients than healthy controls (pooled weighted mean differences: -15.35 ng/mL, 95% CI: -19.33 ng/mL to-11.36 ng/mL, I2 = 66 .4% ) .  \nConclusion This systematic literature review and meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with OLK or OSCC exhibit significantly higher rates of vitamin D deficiency and lower serum concentrations compared to healthy controls. Therefore, the assessment of vitamin D status may be considered in clinical practice for individuals with OLK or OSCC. Keywords Vitamin D, Oral leukoplakia, Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Systematic review, Meta-analysis  \n†Junjiang Liu and Ren Li contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence:  \nYing Liu  \n[liuying08_nsmz@163.com](liuying08_nsmz@163.com)  \n1Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China  \n2Department of Stomatology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China  \n3School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University & Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 570000, China  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nLiu et al. BMC Oral Health (2026) 26:109  \nIntroduction  \nVitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid hormone, is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, with supplementary sources including dietary intake","cbCais7swwo5QBzb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais7swwo5QBzb","pdf",3713506,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Vitamin D and its biomarker\n## Vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risks\n## Vitamin D and cancer, including OSCC","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis?\",\"answer\":\"To synthesize evidence on vitamin D status in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and quantify differences versus healthy controls.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the literature search and study selection performed?\",\"answer\":\"The review was registered in PROSPERO and followed PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science through August 2025 with additional manual reference-list searches.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings regarding vitamin D deficiency and serum levels?\",\"answer\":\"Vitamin D deficiency rates were substantially higher in OLK/OSCC than in healthy controls at two thresholds, and serum vitamin D concentrations were consistently lower in OSCC compared with healthy controls.\"}]","Vitamin D status in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | PDF",1790060746,28]