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The report reviews social and health impacts of vision loss, surveys what visual functions could be tested (e.g., acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field), and proposes criteria emphasizing binocular assessment, individualized gray-zone decisions, and interaction with non-visual 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| Functional change atthe Organ level | Skills, Abilities (ADL) of the individual | Social, Economic Consequences |\n|  |  | Eye Health | Visual Functions | Functional Vision | Quality of Life |\n| ( Near-) Norma l Vision | Range of\u003Cbr>Normal Vision | VISUAL STANDARDS\u003Cbr>VISION REQUIREMENTS for DRIVING SAFETY\u003Cbr>with Emphasis on Individual Assessment |  |  |  |\n|  | Mild Vision Loss |  |  |  |  |\n| Low Vision | Moderate Vision Loss |  |  |  |  |\n|  | Severe Vision Loss |  |  |  |  |\n|  | Profound Vision Loss |  |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>( Near-) Blindness | NearBlindness |  |  |  |  |\n|  | Blindness |  |  |  |  |\n\nReport prepared for the  \nInternational Council of Ophthalmology at the 30th World Ophthalmology Congress Sao Paulo, Brazil, February 2006  \nTABLE of CONTENTS  \nSections  \n1 Executive Summary Page 2  \n2 Preamble 4  \n3 Vision Loss and Driving Safety 6  \n4 Which Visual Functions might be tested? 10  \n5 Suggested Criteria and Rules 13  \n6 Summary and Recommendations 16  \nAppendices  \n1 Survey of Driving License Requirements (except USA) 17  \n2 Survey of Driving License Requirements in the USA 19  \n3 Suggestions for additional Tests 22  \nReferences 24  \nPlease direct COMMENTS to the authors:  \nAugust Colenbrander, MD  \nAffiliate Senior Scientist, Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco Director Emeritus, Low Vision Services, California Pacific Medical Center Correspondence: 664 Atherton Avenue  \nNovato, CA 94945-2605  \nUSA  \nE-mail:  [gus@ski.org](gus@ski.org)  \nPhone: +1-415-209-9529  \nProf. Dr. Jean-Jacques De Laey, MD  \nChairman, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Ghent, Belgium  \nCorrespondence: Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Hospital  \nDe Pintelaan 185  \nB9000 Gent, Belgium  \nE-mail:  [JeanDelaey@Ugent.be](JeanDelaey@Ugent.be)  \nPhone: +32-9-240-2319  \nThe report can be downloaded in PDF FORMATfrom the website of the International Council of Ophthalmology: [www.icoph.org/standards](www.icoph.org/standards).  \nSECTION 1 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  \nSection 2 – Preamble  \nIn 2002 the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) issued a report, discussing Visual Standards, Aspects and Ranges of Vision Loss with Emphasis on Population Surveys [1] . The current report addresses individual assessment of visual functions and their relation to functional vision in the context of Vision Requirements for Driving Safety.  \nThe purpose of this report is not to provide a set of uniform rules that can be implemented unchanged in any jurisdiction. Rather, it is aimed at providing a set of considerations for use by any group contemplating the development or refinement of driving license requirements. The 2002 ICO report distinguished several aspects of vision loss, notably Visual Functions, which describe how the eye functions and Functional Vision, which describes how the person functions in vision-related activities.  \nFor each of these aspects, various ranges of functioning can be identified, ranging from normal functioning, over mild, moderate , severe and profound loss to total loss. The traditional, simplistic, black-and-white distinction between those who are sighted and those who are blind isnot tenable. A 2002 resolution by the International Federation of Ophthalmolological Societies denounced the use of the word “blindness” for those who have useable residual vision [1] . The relationship between visual functions and functional vision is complex and can be influenced by many factors. While population statistics may define average performance, individual functioning, as will be discussed in this report, can be considerably better or considerably worse than the statistical average.  \nTraditional clinical tests determine a performance threshold. Real-life performance requires sustainable, supra-threshold performance. Establishing driving license criteria therefore is an exercise in establishing a ","cbCaiacY2Oo5eOqE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiacY2Oo5eOqE","pdf",403187,26,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Preamble\n# Vision Loss and Driving Safety\n# Which Visual Functions might be tested?\n# Suggested Criteria and Rules\n# Summary and Recommendations\n# Appendices\n## Survey of Driving License Requirements (except USA)\n## Survey of Driving License Requirements in the USA\n## Suggestions for additional Tests\n# References","[{\"question\":\"为什么该报告强调“个人评估”而不是统一的固定规则？\",\"answer\":\"报告认为，驾驶许可标准不应提供可在所有司法辖区原样实施的统一规则。它强调应根据个体的视觉功能与功能性视觉表现进行考虑，并在决策中保留“灰色地带”。\"},{\"question\":\"制定驾驶许可标准时，核心理念是什么？\",\"answer\":\"核心是建立安全余量：将临床测试的表现与真实交通中的可持续表现之间的差距考虑进去，而不是用一个在能力与不能力之间的单一切断值。\"},{\"question\":\"可能测试哪些视觉功能以评估驾驶安全？\",\"answer\":\"报告列举了多种视觉功能，包括视敏度（常见测试）、对比敏感度（重要但较少测试）和视野（测试方法与要求各地差异）。此外还包括眩光敏感性、Useful Field of View（UFOV）、复视、色觉与夜间视觉。\"}]","Vision Requirements for Driving Safety with Emphasis on Individual Assessment - Executive Summary | PDF",66]