[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-271230-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-271230-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","verbal-analogy-problem-sets-an-inventory-of-testing-materials","Verbal Analogy Problem Sets - An Inventory of Testing Materials","","Analogical reasoning is an active research topic across education, artificial intelligence (AI), and cognitive psychology. Explicit analogy problems offer practical instruments for studying how relational reasoning works. Researchers have developed analogy tests in separate domains, but these resources have not been systematically consolidated for broad, cross-field use. This paper addresses the gap by compiling a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets from diverse sources.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/verbal-analogy-problem-sets-an-inventory-of-testing-materials/271230/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/verbal-analogy-problem-sets-an-inventory-of-testing-materials/271230.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Bintang","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main goal of the paper?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The paper presents a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, organizing sets drawn from diverse sources to support research across fields.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why are explicit analogy problems valuable?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"They provide useful tools for investigating mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning, including relational processing in both humans and AI models.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What analogy format does the paper focus on?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It emphasizes verbal four-term forms like A:B::C:D, where relations between word meanings guide the mapping from source to target.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},271230,1789460061,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085564381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Verbal analogy problem sets: An inventory of testing materials  \nNicholas Ichien 1 & Hongjing Lu 1,2 & Keith J. Holyoak 1  \n\\# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020  \nAbstract  \nAnalogical reasoning is an active topic of investigation across education, artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive psychology, and related fields. In all fields of inquiry, explicit analogy problems provide useful tools for investigating the mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning. Such sets have been developed by researchers working in the fields of educational testing, AI, and cognitive psychology. However, these analogy tests have not been systematically made accessible across all the relevant fields. The present paper aims to remedy this situation by presenting a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, intended to capture and organize sets from diverse sources.  \nKeywords Analogy, Relational Reasoning, Language, Education, Artificial Intelligence  \nIntroduction  \nAnalogical reasoning is the ability to grasp and exploit similarities based on relations between sets of entities, rather than solely on features of the individual entities themselves (Holyoak, 2012) . The general ability to think in terms of explicit relations is highly developed in humans, and indeed may constitute a discontinuity between human intelligence and non-human intelligence (Penn, Holyoak, & Povinelli, 2008) . This cognitive process supports human performance in a wide range of activities (Holyoak & Thagard, 1995), including classroom learning (Richland, Zur, & Holyoak, 2007; Jeeet al., 2010), engineering design (Chan & Schunn, 2015), and scientific reasoning (Dunbar, 1995; Gentner & Jeziorski,  \nElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article ([https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01312-3](https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01312-3)) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  \n* Nicholas Ichien[ichien@ucla.edu](ichien@ucla.edu)  \nHongjing Lu  \n[hongjing@ucla.edu](hongjing@ucla.edu)  \nKeith J. Holyoak  \n[holyoak@lifesci.ucla.edu](holyoak@lifesci.ucla.edu)  \n1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA  \n2 Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 90095-1563, CA, USA  \n1993) . Performance on analogy tests is highly correlated with measures of fluid intelligence (Snow, Kyllonen, & Marshalek, 1984) . Analogy problems also provide an important source of benchmarks for assessing the performance of models of relational processing developed by researchers in artificial intelligence (AI) (e.g., Mikolov, Chen, Corrado, & Dean, 2013 ; Turney, 2013) .  \nSets of explicit analogy problems provide useful tools for investigating the mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning. Such sets have been developed by researchers working in the fields of educational testing, AI, and cognitive psychology. However, these analogy tests have not been systematically made accessible across all the relevant fields. The present paper aims to remedy this situation by presenting a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, intended to capture and organize sets from diverse sources.  \nAnalogy tests can be constructed in pictorial formats (e.g., Krawczyk et al., 2008); but here we focus on verbal problem sets, which themselves are extremely varied in form and content. First, analogies are frequently used in education as a method of training and testing verbal aptitude in children at various grade levels. Standardized tests (e.g., School and College Ability Test, or SCAT; Secondary School Admission Test, or SSAT; and the Scholastic Aptitude Test, or SAT), as well as other educational materials (e.g., [englishforeveryone.org](englishforeveryone.org)) provide useful sources of analogy problem sets tailored to specific stages of cognitive development (e.g., Turney, Littman, Bigham, & Shnayder, 2003). Second, recent advances in AI","cbCaitPci8BHIL4F","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitPci8BHIL4F","pdf",404853,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Analogical reasoning and relational similarity\n## Need for a centralized inventory\n## Verbal analogy formats and task types\n## Evaluative analogy problems","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper presents a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, organizing sets drawn from diverse sources to support research across fields.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are explicit analogy problems valuable?\",\"answer\":\"They provide useful tools for investigating mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning, including relational processing in both humans and AI models.\"},{\"question\":\"What analogy format does the paper focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes verbal four-term forms like A:B::C:D, where relations between word meanings guide the mapping from source to target.\"}]","Verbal Analogy Problem Sets - An Inventory of Testing Materials | PDF",35]