[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-136450-105":59,"doc-detail-136450-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","validating-the-single-item-kawaii-measure","Validating the Single Item Kawaii Measure","","Kawaii is the Japanese notion of cuteness, conceptualized as a baby-schema-derived multimodal perception spanning voice and sound, visual form, and movement and expression. Measuring users’ kawaii perceptions lacks a validated instrument. Building on nine datasets with 967 participants, the work tests convergent validity, known-groups validity, and cross-context validity, plus reliability, for a one-item self-report measure used across stimuli including video game character voices and appearances and computer-generated voice assistants. Results provide initial validity evidence for voice and visual kawaii perceptions, with directions for further validation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/validating-the-single-item-kawaii-measure/136450/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/validating-the-single-item-kawaii-measure/136450.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What problem does the document address about measuring kawaii?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It addresses that user perceptions of kawaii have lacked a validated measurement instrument, even though a one-item self-report measure has been widely used.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is the single-item kawaii measure evaluated in this work?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study evaluates validity (convergent, known-groups, and cross-context) and reliability across nine datasets using responses to voice and visual kawaii stimuli.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the results conclude about the measure’s effectiveness?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The findings provide initial evidence that the one-item measure is valid for voice and visual kawaii perceptions, with recommendations for stronger validation methods such as test-retest and concurrent validity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},136450,1787386961,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Validating the Single Item Kawaii Measure  \nKatie Seaborn  \nUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Institute of Science Tokyo Tokyo, Japan  \n[katie.seaborn@cst.cam.ac.uk](katie.seaborn@cst.cam.ac.uk)  \nYijia Wang  \n[wang.y.cf@m.titech.ac.jp](wang.y.cf@m.titech.ac.jp)[ ](wang.y.cf@m.titech.ac.jp)Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo, Japan  \narXiv :2607 . 19352v1 [ cs .HC] 13 May 2026  \nAbstract  \nKawaii is the Japanese instantiation of cuteness. As a multimodal percept theoretically derived from the notion of baby schema, kawaii can be a property of voice and sound, visual appearance and form factor, and movement and expression. However, measuring user perceptions of kawaii remains an open question. In the absence of a validated instrument, a one-item self-report measure has been used extensively, but has not been validated. Here, wereport on three types of validity—convergent, known groups, and cross-context—and reliability for the single item measure across nine data sets featuring responses to video game character voicesand visual appearances and computer generated voice assistant voices from 􀀣 = 967 unique participants. Our results demonstrate initial evidence of the validity of the one-item measure for voice and visual kawaii perceptions. Further rigour can be pursued with novel stimuli, test-retest validation, and concurrent validity against the upcoming multi-item measure of kawaii.  \nCCS Concepts  \n• Hardware → Sound-based input / output; • Social and professional topics → Cultural characteristics; • Applied computing → Computer games; • Computing methodologies → Perception; • Human-centered computing → User models; • General and reference → Measurement; Validation; Reliability.  \nKeywords  \nKawaii, Cuteness, Single-Item Measure, Validity, Measurement, SelfReports, Human-Computer Interaction  \n1 Introduction  \nKawaii translates to “cute” in Japanese, but carries sociocultural meanings and instantiations that nevertheless transcend the borders of Japan. Simply put, kawaii is a form of baby schema translated into non-baby forms that elicits certain socioaffective reactions in people and other animals [20–22]. Japan is well-known for its kawaii-ified exports, from video game characters to pop idols to anime voice actors. As a sociocultural phenomenon, kawaii is normalized in Japan, even while kawaii is leveraged as design material in various media. Kawaii voices, in particular, have emerged asa (re)new(ed) modality in the human-computer interaction (HCI) domains of human-agent interaction (HAI) and human-AI interaction (HAII) through work on voice assistants (VAs), conversational user interfaces (CUIs), and virtual characters of all kinds. Notably,  \nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives 4 .0 International License.  \nNittono et al. [20, 21] developed a general science of kawaii, later extended by Seaborn et al. [17, 29, 30] to encompass kawaii vocalics (the vocal medium and paralanguage), with both groups of researchers applying the concept to a range of computer-based agents, including social robots, VAs, and video game characters. Kawaii has been linked to a range of user experience (UX) factors—like emotion [22], trust [32], performance [39], persuasion [4, 21], deception [40]—positioning it as an important design(able) element that deserves careful consideration [23, 37] .  \nYet, how to evaluate the UX of kawaii—represented in visual or vocal stimuli—remains an open question. Given its socioaffective baseline, subjective self-reports, observations, and physiological measures are most viable [20] . However, these modes of evaluation may not be viable in all cases. The move to online studies following the COVID-19 global pandemic [7] makes physiological measurement difficult. Contexts like in situ studies for longitudinal evaluation limit the forms of observation possible [36] . Self-report formats seem ideal, as these can be integrated into a range of online, asynchronous en","cbCaivy8GiUoGh7D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivy8GiUoGh7D","pdf",479474,"English","# Abstract\n# 1 Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the document address about measuring kawaii?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses that user perceptions of kawaii have lacked a validated measurement instrument, even though a one-item self-report measure has been widely used.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the single-item kawaii measure evaluated in this work?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates validity (convergent, known-groups, and cross-context) and reliability across nine datasets using responses to voice and visual kawaii stimuli.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results conclude about the measure’s effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The findings provide initial evidence that the one-item measure is valid for voice and visual kawaii perceptions, with recommendations for stronger validation methods such as test-retest and concurrent validity.\"}]","Validating the Single Item Kawaii Measure | PDF",13]