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Implemented in CompuCell3D, the model uses biologically inspired rules for corneal epithelial behaviors and key signaling pathways, translating cell-level dynamics to tissue-level outcomes. It reproduces corneal epithelial architecture, predicts 3–5 day healing for slight/mild injuries, and yields extended recovery and emergent disorganization for moderate injuries with basement membrane disruption.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/v-cornea-a-computational-model-of-corneal-epithelium-homeostasis-injury-and-recovery/440094/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/v-cornea-a-computational-model-of-corneal-epithelium-homeostasis-injury-and-recovery/440094.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-01","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does V-Cornea address in ocular irritation assessment?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It targets limitations of current assessment methods in capturing long-term effects and recovery patterns after chemical exposure or corneal trauma.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is V-Cornea implemented and what does it model?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"V-Cornea is an agent-based simulation implemented in CompuCell3D that models corneal epithelial homeostasis and injury response using biologically inspired cell rules and signaling pathways.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What recovery times does V-Cornea predict for different injury severities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It predicts healing timeframes of 3–5 days for slight and mild injuries, while moderate injuries with basement membrane disruption show longer recovery times and emergent dynamic structural disorganization.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},440094,1790813730,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},7421720224475,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","OPEN ACCESS  \nCitation: Vanin J, Getz M, Mahony C, Knudsen TB, Glazier JA (2025) V-Cornea: A computational model of corneal epithelium homeostasis, injury, and recovery. PLoS Comput Biol 21(12): e1013410. [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013410  \nEditor: David Basanta Gutierrez, Moffitt Cancer Center, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Received: August 11, 2025  \nAccepted: December 12, 2025  \nPublished: December 26, 2025  \nPeer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles. The editorial history of this article is available here: [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal). pcbi.1013410  \nCopyright: © 2025 Vanin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE  \nV-Cornea: A computational model of corneal epithelium homeostasis, injury, and recovery  \nJoel Vanin1, Michael Getz1, Catherine Mahony2, Thomas B. Knudsen1,  \nJames A. Glazier1*  \n1 Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America, 2 Procter & Gamble Technical Centre, Reading, United Kingdom  \n* [jaglazier@gmail.com](jaglazier@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose  \nTo develop a computational model that addresses limitations in current ocular irritation assessment methods, particularly regarding long-term effects, and recovery patterns following chemical exposure or trauma to the cornea.  \nMethods  \nV-Cornea is an agent-based computer simulation implemented in CompuCell3D that models corneal epithelial homeostasis and injury response. The model incorporates biologically-inspired rules governing cell behaviors (proliferation, differentiation, death) and key signaling pathways including Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), translating cell-level behaviors to tissue-level outcomes (in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) .  \nResults  \nV-Cornea successfully reproduces corneal epithelial architecture and maintains tissue homeostasis over extended simulated periods. Following simulated trauma or toxicant exposure, the model accurately predicts healing timeframes of 3–5 days for slight and mild injuries. For moderate injuries with basement membrane disruption, the model demonstrates longer recovery times and emergent dynamic structural disorganization that mimics recurrent corneal erosions, providing mechanistic insights into these pathological conditions.  \nConclusions  \nV-Cornea’s modular CompuCell3D implementation is easily extensible to incorporate additional recovery and injury mechanisms. Future versions will include more realistic basement membrane dynamics and explicit representation of stromal tissue and  \nPLOS Computational Biology | [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013410](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013410) December 26, 2025 1 / 30  \nand reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nData availability statement: All model code, simulation files, scripts for plots, and data used to generate the results presented in this study are openly available in a public repository. The V-Cornea model, implemented in CompuCell3D, along with the scripts for the plots and the data files, can be accessed on GitHub at [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[github.com/VaninJoel/vCornea](github.com/VaninJoel/vCornea. Additionally)[. Additionally](github.com/VaninJoel/vCornea. Additionally), a permanent, versioned archive of the code is also available on Zenodo at [https://doi](https://doi). org/10 .5281/zenodo.16764318. All other data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supporting  information files.  \nFunding: This work was supported by Procter & Gamble through a research agreement w","cbCaiuSVUp6opAXG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuSVUp6opAXG","pdf",3010493,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n## Data availability and funding\n## Author summary","[{\"question\":\"What problem does V-Cornea address in ocular irritation assessment?\",\"answer\":\"It targets limitations of current assessment methods in capturing long-term effects and recovery patterns after chemical exposure or corneal trauma.\"},{\"question\":\"How is V-Cornea implemented and what does it model?\",\"answer\":\"V-Cornea is an agent-based simulation implemented in CompuCell3D that models corneal epithelial homeostasis and injury response using biologically inspired cell rules and signaling pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"What recovery times does V-Cornea predict for different injury severities?\",\"answer\":\"It predicts healing timeframes of 3–5 days for slight and mild injuries, while moderate injuries with basement membrane disruption show longer recovery times and emergent dynamic structural disorganization.\"}]","V-Cornea - A computational model of corneal epithelium homeostasis, injury, and recovery | PDF",1790691081,76]