[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126756-en":3,"doc-seo-126756-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},126756,962084928432,"Emma Wilson","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Using Model Cards for ethical reflection on machine learning models - an interview-based study","Model Cards are explored as documentation tools that can shape how developers engage in ethical reflection during machine learning system design. The study conducts a thematic analysis of eight semi-structured interviews conducted through speculative design sessions, where participants acted as AI developers in two scenario types: loan applications and university admissions. Findings indicate selective recording of ethical issues and limited willingness to grant full autonomy to the artifact, with mediation often delegated to third parties. Results highlight the documentation tool’s epistemic value.","Journal on Interactive Systems, 2024, 15:1 doi: 10.5753/jis.2024.3444  \n􀈸 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 .0 International License.  \nUsing Model Cards for ethical reflection on machine learning models: an interview-based study  \nJosé Luiz Nunes 􀁂 􀀎 [ FGV Direito Rio; Department of Informatics, PUC-Rio | [jose.luiz@fgv.br](jose.luiz@fgv.br) ] Gabriel D. J. Barbosa 􀁂 [ Department of Informatics, PUC-Rio | [gabrieldjb@gmail.com](gabrieldjb@gmail.com) ] Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza 􀁂 [ Department of Informatics, PUC-Rio | [clarisse@inf.puc-rio.br](clarisse@inf.puc-rio.br) ] Simone D. J. Barbosa 􀁂 [ Department of Informatics, PUC-Rio | [simone@inf.puc-rio.br](simone@inf.puc-rio.br) ]  \n􀀎 Department of Informatics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 RDC, Gavéa, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil.  \nReceived: 02 June 2023 • Accepted: 11 December 2023 • Published: 01 January 2024  \nAbstract  \nHow do tools designed for documenting machine learning models contribute to developers’ ethical reflection? We set out to answer this question regarding Model Cards, a tool proposed for such purpose. We conducted a thematic analysis of eight semi-structured interviews based on speculative design sessions. Each participant assumed the role of developer of an artificial intelligence model in one of two scenarios: loan applications or university admissions. We found evidence that designers may have been selective about which ethical issues – from among those they had reflected on – they recorded in the Model Cards. While participants were hesitant to grant full autonomy to the artifact to be developed, we identified they still tended to rely on a third party (outside the design team) to mediate the relationship between the system and other stakeholders. Our findings contribute to our understanding of documentation tools, their epistemic value, and how they can be leveraged to engage in a more ethically informed design process of artificial intelligence systems.  \nKeywords: Ethical Reasoning, Model Cards, Model Reporting, Reflective Practica  \n1 Introduction  \nMachine Learning (ML) models have been increasingly used to mediate various decision-making processes, leading to significant social impacts. Given this role, it has become even more important for developers to reflect on their potential ethical connotations and document their reflections and decisions alongside technical information, so as to be more transparent. This process of recording design decisions might also enhance the reflections themselves. However, there is not enough evidence, currently, on the impacts of documentation tools on ethical reflection.  \nVarious representations for documenting ML systems have been proposed both in academia and in industry. They focus on different parts of the ML development process: on trained models [Mitchell et al., 2019]; on datasets [Bender and Friedman, 2018; Gebru et al., 2018; Holland et al., 2018]; or even on the development process itself [Hutchinson et al., 2021] . By using multiple tools, developers can reach a more holistic understanding of the artifact being built and the process behind its construction. Despite the various tools being proposed, discussions surrounding their use are still ongoing, as is empirical work investigating their usage.  \nOur work follows a broader view proposed by de Souza et al. [2016] regarding what they refer to as a semiotic perspective on human-centered software development. Very briefly, they not only embrace the fact that all computer representations are the result of prior human, value-laden interpretations, but also engage in creating “epistemic tools” to help developers understand the nature, the extent, and the implications of their interpretive activities.  \nWe seek to contribute to the current understanding of the relations between design documentation tools and developers’ethical reflections. Our emphasis is on the sociotechnical relatio","cbCaietMWouyTLSa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaietMWouyTLSa","pdf",457551,1,19,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Documentation tools for machine learning\n## Semiotic perspective on human-centered development\n# Study design and methodology\n## Speculative design sessions and interview protocol\n## Thematic analysis approach\n# Findings and discussion\n## Ethical issue selection in Model Cards\n## Mediation between systems and stakeholders\n# Conclusion\n## Implications for ethically informed AI design","[{\"question\":\"What research question does the paper address about Model Cards?\",\"answer\":\"The paper asks how software developers reason about ethical issues in machine learning systems development when using Model Cards.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the study conducted?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a qualitative approach with speculative design sessions and eight semi-structured interviews, followed by thematic analysis of the collected data.\"},{\"question\":\"What scenarios did participants consider during the interviews?\",\"answer\":\"Participants assumed the developer role for decision-support systems in two settings: loan applications at a financial institution and university admissions.\"}]","Using Model Cards for ethical reflection on machine learning models - an interview-based study | PDF",1785934615,48,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"using-model-cards-for-ethical-reflection-on-machine-learning-models-an-interview-based-study","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/using-model-cards-for-ethical-reflection-on-machine-learning-models-an-interview-based-study/126756/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What research question does the paper address about Model Cards?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The paper asks how software developers reason about ethical issues in machine learning systems development when using Model Cards.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How was the study conducted?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It uses a qualitative approach with speculative design sessions and eight semi-structured interviews, followed by thematic analysis of the collected data.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What scenarios did participants consider during the interviews?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Participants assumed the developer role for decision-support systems in two settings: loan applications at a financial institution and university admissions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},"General","general"]