[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-119643-en":3,"doc-seo-119643-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},119643,13056703020460,"Valentina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253dac470eee5d?_k=1778207105932848923",7,"Healthcare","Using machine learning for detection of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment","Parkinson’s disease combines motor impairment with cognitive decline that may progress into mild cognitive impairment, whose incidence increases over time and contributes to substantial disability. This study evaluates whether integrating neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers improves identification of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared with single-modality approaches. Using the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative dataset, support vector machine and random forest models analyze neuroimaging together with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to assess detection performance and potential gains from biomarker combination.","OPEN ACCESS  \nCitation: Dennis A-GP, Martin SL, Chen R, Gerretsen P, Strafella AP (2025) Using machine learning for detection of Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment. PLoS One 20(11): e0335541. [https://doi.org/10.1371/](https://doi.org/10.1371/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1371/)[journal.pone.0335541](journal.pone.0335541)  \nEditor: Gyan Prakash Modi, IIT (BHU), INDIA  \nReceived: July 7, 2025  \nAccepted: October 13, 2025  \nPublished: November 19, 2025  \nPeer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles. The editorial history of this article is available here: [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal). pone.0335541  \nCopyright: © 2025 Dennis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE  \nUsing machine learning for detection of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment  \nAnthaea-Grace Patricia Dennis1,2*, Sarah L. Martin3,4, Robert Chen1,2,5, Philip Gerretsen2,3,6, Antonio P. Strafella1,2,3,5*  \n1 Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2 Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 3 Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 4 Translational and Computational Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom,  \n5 Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program & Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Division, Dept. of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  \n* [agp.dennis@mail.utoronto.ca](agp.dennis@mail.utoronto.ca) (AGPD); [antonio.strafella@utoronto.ca](antonio.strafella@utoronto.ca) (APS)  \nAbstract  \nBackground  \nParkinson’s disease is a movement disorder featuring motor symptoms and cognitive decline, which can manifest as mild cognitive impairment. The incidence of mild cognitive impairment increases with disease progression, and Parkinson’s disease can cause significant disability, therefore, identification of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease is imperative. Neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers have been studied separately, however, research suggests that combining biomarkers may improve detection.  \nObjectives  \nWe aimed to investigate using machine learning whether a combination of neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers would result in more effective identification of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment.  \nMethods  \nUtilizing the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative dataset, we applied two different machine learning approaches, support vector machine and random forest, to explore combinations of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for detection.  \nPLOS One | [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0335541](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0335541) November 19, 2025 1 / 16  \nData availability statement: Code for this study is publicly available from the Zenodo repository ([https://doi.org/10.5281/zeno](https://doi.org/10.5281/zeno)do.17195713) . Data for this study cannot be shared by the authors because of PPMI’s Data Usage Agreements, which prevent users tore-publish data. All data used in this study, as well as a data dictionary, are free and publicly available at the PPMI website (www.ppmi-info. org/access-data-specimens/download-data), upon an online application and the signature of the Data U","cbCaicjQoiG8Ox7h","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicjQoiG8Ox7h","pdf",989829,2,1,16,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Background\n## Objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What question does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates whether combining neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers yields more effective detection of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment than using biomarkers separately.\"},{\"question\":\"Which machine learning methods were used?\",\"answer\":\"The study applied two approaches: support vector machine and random forest to explore biomarker combinations for classification.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main detection findings?\",\"answer\":\"Overall, both techniques showed equivalent performance; DaT-SPECT generally performed better than biofluid biomarkers for detecting Parkinson’s disease, while combining DaT-SPECT with phosphorylated-tau-181 improved accuracy for patients with mild cognitive impairment.\"}]","Using machine learning for detection of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment | PDF",1785725440,40,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":29},"using-machine-learning-for-detection-of-parkinsons-disease-and-mild-cognitive-impairment","",{"@graph":37,"@context":85},[38,54,68],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/using-machine-learning-for-detection-of-parkinsons-disease-and-mild-cognitive-impairment/119643/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What question does the study address?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It investigates whether combining neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers yields more effective detection of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment than using biomarkers separately.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which machine learning methods were used?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The study applied two approaches: support vector machine and random forest to explore biomarker combinations for classification.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What were the main detection findings?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Overall, both techniques showed equivalent performance; DaT-SPECT generally performed better than biofluid biomarkers for detecting Parkinson’s disease, while combining DaT-SPECT with phosphorylated-tau-181 improved accuracy for patients with mild cognitive impairment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":30,"slug":116},"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]