[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56231-en":3,"doc-seo-56231-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},56231,1099514068365,"Aurelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068",8,"Research & Report","Use of Displacement as a Proxy for Dike Safety","Climatic conditions and vegetation cover regulate water flux in a slope, altering pore water pressure and self-weight and thereby slope stability. Summer evapotranspiration and low precipitation dry the soil, reduce soil moisture, and promote shrinkage cracks that weaken shear strength. Re-wetting increases weight and driving forces. The study evaluates how surface displacement of a vegetated dike varies with soil moisture under different climates, using Earth observation monitoring. Soil moisture and total displacement correlate strongly, with minimal time lag, linking near-surface motion to water availability and the Factor of Safety.","Proc. IAHS, 382, 481–485, 2020  \n[https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-481-2020](https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-481-2020)[ ](https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-481-2020)© Author(s) 2020 . This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4 .0 License.  \nOpen Access  \nUse of displacement as a proxy for dike safety  \nElahe Jamalinia, Phil Vardon, and Susan Steele-Dunne  \nFaculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands Correspondence: Elahe Jamalinia ([e.jamalinia@tudelft.nl](e.jamalinia@tudelft.nl))  \nPublished: 22 April 2020  \nAbstract. Climatic conditions and vegetation cover influence water flux in a slope which affect the pore water pressure and self weight, hence its stability. High evapotranspiration and low precipitation rates during summer cause dry soil with low soil moisture (SM) that leads to soil shrinkage, which leads to cracking and reduced shear strength, which consequently decreases the stability of slopes. Soil re-wetting increases slope weight and exerts an additional driving force on the slope. Using Earth observation (EO) data facilitates frequent, large-scale monitoring to identify the vulnerable areas along the slopes to avoid instability. Here we study the displacement of a vegetated dike subject to SM variations under varying climatic conditions. Results show that the SM and magnitude of total displacement at a desired location are highly positively correlated without time lag. This proof-of-concept study shows that near surface displacement due to interaction with the atmosphere has a strong relation with the water availability in the slope and therefore the Factor of Safety (FoS) .  \n1 Introduction  \nDikes are predominantly earth structures, which form a large part of existing flood defence systems and their primary objective is to provide protection against flood events (CIRIA et al., 2013) . Failures of flood defence systems often lead to significant losses. Natural or human-induced driving mechanisms can cause dike failures due to either hydraulic or geotechnical problems. The monitoring of these dikes is crucial in assessing safety and avoiding flooding events. In the Netherlands, dikes are inspected by a dike inspector walking the dike looking for irregularities (Givehchi et al., 2003) . In recent studies, e.g. Cundill et al. (2013), Özer et al. (2019) and Jamalinia et al. (2019a), it has been proposed that Earth Observation (EO) can be a useful tool for increasing the efficiency, objectivity and coverage of dike inspection of vulnerable areas to be identified for detailed studies. Here, the displacement of an example vegetated dike under variable climatic conditions is studied, to investigate how measuring displacement would help dike managers detect vulnerable areas along dikes.  \nFigure 1. Geometry representing boundary, root zone layers, and points in which following results are plotted (after Jamalinia et al., 2019a) .  \n2 Method  \nBoth drainage and vegetation strongly affect dike performance (Vardon, 2015 ; Elia et al., 2017) . As available geotechnical models cannot simulate the effect of vegetation on dike stability, in the current study, a crop growth model is coupled to a Finite Element Method (FEM) model to enable the evaluation of variable climatic and vegetation conditions on dike stability. Furthermore, these models are modified to simulate cracking. The modelling strategy is as follows: (1) A 1-D crop (grass) model, LINGRA (Boumanet al., 1996), is used to simulate the infiltration of water into and out of the root zone. This model uses weather data as input and simulates the evaporation, transpiration, water interception by the vegetation, drainage from the root zone layer and vegetation growth. LINGRA can account for growth in  \nPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences.  \nTenth International Symposium on Land Subsidence (TISOLS)  \n482 E. Jamalinia et al.: Use of dis","cbCaifa3losgIHpe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifa3losgIHpe","pdf",2062829,2,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Method","[{\"question\":\"How do climatic conditions and vegetation affect dike stability in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Climatic conditions and vegetation control water flux in the slope, which changes pore water pressure and self-weight. Vegetation and moisture variations therefore influence the stability of the dike.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do cracks form during summer, and how do they impact stability?\",\"answer\":\"High evapotranspiration and low precipitation during summer dry the soil and lower soil moisture, leading to shrinkage and cracking. Cracks reduce shear strength, decreasing slope stability.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main relationship found between soil moisture and displacement?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds a strong positive correlation between soil moisture and the magnitude of total displacement at a target location, with no time lag. This supports using displacement as an indicator for dike Factor of Safety via water availability.\"}]",1783721445,13,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"use-of-displacement-as-a-proxy-for-dike-safety","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/use-of-displacement-as-a-proxy-for-dike-safety/56231/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-10",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How do climatic conditions and vegetation affect dike stability in this study?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Climatic conditions and vegetation control water flux in the slope, which changes pore water pressure and self-weight. Vegetation and moisture variations therefore influence the stability of the dike.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Why do cracks form during summer, and how do they impact stability?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"High evapotranspiration and low precipitation during summer dry the soil and lower soil moisture, leading to shrinkage and cracking. Cracks reduce shear strength, decreasing slope stability.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What is the main relationship found between soil moisture and displacement?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The study finds a strong positive correlation between soil moisture and the magnitude of total displacement at a target location, with no time lag. 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