[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-325509-105":59,"doc-detail-325509-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","us-ethnic-scientists-and-entrepreneurs-economic-commentary","U.S. Ethnic Scientists and Entrepreneurs - Economic Commentary","","U.S. technology development is strongly shaped by immigrant scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Immigrants make up about one quarter of the science and engineering workforce and nearly half of the Ph.D. workforce, with especially rapid growth among Chinese and Indian communities in the 1990s. This commentary proposes an ethnic-name methodology using USPTO patent records to measure scientific and inventive contributions by ethnicity, tracking results across technologies, sectors, cities, states, and institutions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/us-ethnic-scientists-and-entrepreneurs-economic-commentary/325509/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/us-ethnic-scientists-and-entrepreneurs-economic-commentary/325509.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are immigrants important for U.S. technology development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Immigrants account for almost half of the U.S. Ph.D. workforce in science and engineering and represent a large share of the science and engineering workforce. Their contributions include both lab research and broader commercialization.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the methodology use USPTO patent records?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The approach maps inventor surnames from patent filings to an ethnic-name database. It uses patent records containing inventor names to distinguish ethnicities and evaluate contributions and trends.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are key findings about ethnic shares among U.S. inventors over time?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"English and European shares decline steadily from 1980 to 1997. Meanwhile, Chinese and Indian shares rise markedly, and growth is concentrated in high-technology sectors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},325509,1790196176,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","by William R.Kerr  \nImmigrants are critical to the for-mation of U.S.technology.Whilethey account for around 10 percentof the U.S.working population,immigrants represent 25 percent ofthe U.S.science and engineeringworkforce and almost 50 percentof those with doctorates.  \nIn addition to the number of sci-entists immigrants add to theU.S.workforce,star immigrantresearchers make an excep-tional contribution in qualityto the nation's science as mea-sured by Nobel Prizes,electionto the National Academy of Sci-ences,patent citations,and so on.The contributions of immigrantsextend well beyond the laboratory,too.Ethnic entrepreneurs are alsoprominent in commercializing newtechnologies,especially in areaswhere high-technology firms areclustered,such as Silicon Valley.  \nThe magnitudes of these ethnicentrepreneurial and scientific con-tributions raise many research andpolicy questions on both short-term and long-term horizons.ThisEconomic Commentary highlightsa new methodology for studyingsuch contributions.The methodol-ogy makes use of patent recordsfor the information they containabout ethnic scientific and engi-neering inventors  \n# U.S.Ethnic Scientists and Entrepreneurs\n\nThe data confirm the growing sci-entific contributions that ethnicnventors have been making in theUnited States,especially in high-technology fields.In addition,related research using the samedataset finds that the benefits ofimmigration run in more than onedirection:U.S.ethnic researchersmake important contributions tothe international diffusion of tech-nology as well.  \n■Ethnic Patenting Data  \nEmpirical studies of immigrant sci-entists and engineers face substan-tial data constraints.One sourceof potentially useful informationthat has not been exploited in suchstudies is the patent records of theU.S.Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO).Each patent filed withthe USPTO contains the name ofat least one inventor,and multipleinventors are allowed.In total,4.3million inventor names are associ-ated with the 2.9 million patentsthat have been granted from 1975to 1999.  \nI was able to map these inventornames into an ethnic-name data-base that is typically used for com-mercial marketing campaigns.Thisapproach exploits the idea thatinventors with the surnames Mingor Yu are likely of Chinese ethnic-ity,Agrawal or Banerjee have agreater probability of being Indian,and Rodriguez or Martinez arelikely of Hispanic descent.In cases  \nApril 1,2007  \nImmigrants are exceptionallyimportant for U.S.technol-ogy development,accountingfor almost half of the country'sPh.D.workforce in science andengineering.Most notably,thecontribution of Chinese andIndian scientists and entrepre-neurs in U.S.high-technologysectors increased dramaticallyin the 1990s.These ethnic scien-tific communities in the UnitedStates also help transfer newtechnologies back to their homecountries.  \nof overlapping surnames(such asLee),Census records are used toapportion ties.  \nThe match rate is 98 percent forinventors residing in the UnitedStates,and nine ethnicities canbe distinguished:Chinese,Eng-lish,European,Hispanic/Filipino,Indian/Hindi,Japanese,Korean,Russian,and Vietnamese.  \nThe USPTO grants patents toinventors living within and outsideof the United States,with the latteraccounting for just under half of allpatents issued.Quality assuranceexercises using the inventor recordsfor those filing USPTO patentsfrom abroad confirm the approachworks well.For example,99 per-cent o the inventors filing fromJapan are found to be Japanese.  \n## FIGURE 1ETHNC SHARES OF U.S.DOMESTICPATENTS\n\nTECHNOLOGIES  \nThe priary limitation of the eth-nic-name approach is that first-generation cannot be distinguishedfrom later-generation inmigrants  \nBut the approach yiclds quantifi-ahle data in previously unavailabledetail on the ethnic composition ofU.S.inventors.Because the ethnicassignment is done at the micro-  \nlevel,greater detail on the ethniccomposition of inventors is avail-able anually on multiple dimen-sions.Each patent conta","cbCaiulziIUfzipm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiulziIUfzipm","pdf",1196230,"English","# U.S. Ethnic Scientists and Entrepreneurs\n## Ethnic Patenting Data\n## FIGURE 1 ETHNC SHARES OF U.S. DOMESTIC PATENTS\n## U.S. Ethnic Inventors\n## FIGURE 1 ETHNIC SHARES OF U.S. DOMESTIC PATENTS","[{\"question\":\"Why are immigrants important for U.S. technology development?\",\"answer\":\"Immigrants account for almost half of the U.S. Ph.D. workforce in science and engineering and represent a large share of the science and engineering workforce. Their contributions include both lab research and broader commercialization.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the methodology use USPTO patent records?\",\"answer\":\"The approach maps inventor surnames from patent filings to an ethnic-name database. It uses patent records containing inventor names to distinguish ethnicities and evaluate contributions and trends.\"},{\"question\":\"What are key findings about ethnic shares among U.S. inventors over time?\",\"answer\":\"English and European shares decline steadily from 1980 to 1997. Meanwhile, Chinese and Indian shares rise markedly, and growth is concentrated in high-technology sectors.\"}]","U.S. Ethnic Scientists and Entrepreneurs - Economic Commentary | PDF",1789970704,18]