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It investigates changes over two decades and across the COVID-19 period, focusing on demographic patterns (gender and race) and district factors (student population size, FRPL representation, racial composition, and school board type). The study analyzes executive pay relationships and turnover continuity, emphasizing how frequent leadership changes can disrupt long-term educational strategies and outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/urban-district-superintendents-characteristics-tenure-and-salaries-ninth-report-march-2025/584062/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/urban-district-superintendents-characteristics-tenure-and-salaries-ninth-report-march-2025/584062.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the report study about urban district superintendents?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It studies superintendent characteristics, pay, tenure, and turnover in large urban school districts, including how demographic and district factors relate to these outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the COVID-19 period factor into the analysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report compares trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how the crisis affected turnover and leadership stability.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which district and superintendent factors are used to explain salary and turnover?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study considers superintendent demographics (gender and race) and district characteristics such as student population size, racial makeup, FRPL representation, and school board type, alongside superintendent base salary.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},584062,1792165035,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","URBAN DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENTS:  \nCharacteristics, Tenure, and Salaries  \nNINTH REPORT  \nMarch 2025  \nChester Holland, Ph. D. Akisha Osei Sarfo, Ph. D.  \nMary M. Oewel CaseyA. Crews Kyuna Sims Brian Garcia  \nRay Hart, Ph.D.  \nCONTENTS  \n3 Introduction  \n4 Research Questions Methodology  \n5 Executive Summary of Findings  \n6 Superintendent Demographics  \n9 Race/Ethnicity Gender  \n10 Pre-Superintendency Role  \n11 District Leader Salary  \nSuperintendent Salary by Student Population Size  \n14 Superintendent Salary by Student FRPL Rate Superintendent Salary by Gender  \n15 Superintendent Salary by School Board Type District Leader Tenure  \nPreceding Superintendents  \n17 Current Superintendents  \n20 Comparison of Tenure, Current vs. Preceding  \n21 District Leader Turnover  \nSuperintendent Turnover by Student Population Size  \n22 Superintendent Turnover by Student Population Racial/Ethnic Demographics  \n23 Superintendent Turnover by Student FRPL Rate  \n24 Superintendent Turnover by Gender and Race  \n25 Superintendent Turnover by School Board Type Superintendent Turnover by Salary  \n26 Summary  \n27 Limitations Conclusion  \n28 References  \n29 Appendix A: Supplementary Tables and Figures  \n2 | Urban District Superintendents: Characteristics, Tenure, and Salaries  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe Council of the Great City Schools (Council or CGCS) has studied the extent to which some of our large urban school districts overcome the impact of low socioeconomic status, English Learner status, and special education needs among students. The CGCS report, Mirrors or Windows: How Well  Do Large City Public Schools Overcome the Effects of Poverty and Other Barriers? (2021), describes the importance and unique challenges of educating our nation’s students in abject poverty and  \nother factors that influence student outcomes. The study found that strong and effective educational leadership, particularly through the role of superintendents, is critical in shaping the trajectory of school districts.  \nAs key figures overseeing administrative operations and policy implementation, superintendents are responsible for driving organizational excellence and student success. Over time, the superintendent's role has evolved from mere administrative oversight to strategic leadership, encompassing community engagement and crisis management. However, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed a paradigm shift, necessitating adaptive leadership to navigate unprecedented challenges,  \nfoster innovation, and prioritize the well-being of students and staff (Love, 2023) . In this context, superintendents serve as chief executives, guiding districts through complex terrain, balancing fiscal responsibilities, stakeholder expectations, and educational imperatives to cultivate inclusive, equitable learning environments.  \nSuperintendent turnover is a critical issue in education leadership, influencing the stability and effectiveness of school districts. Understanding trends in superintendent turnover rates before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic is essential for assessing the impact of the crisis on the labor market for educational leaders. Continuity in the superintendent position is vital for large school districts as it ensures stable leadership and the consistent implementation of long-term educational strategies. Frequent turnover can disrupt progress, leading to fragmented policies and initiatives that hinder student and staff success.  \nAnalysis by Schwartz and Diliberti (2022b) found that, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, superintendent turnover rates were approximately 13 percent. The authors also found that superintendents serving mostly students of color were less likely to report that they were considering leaving their positions. Factors such as job-related stress, school board relations, and excessive work hours were most often listed as reasons superintendents considered leaving the role (Schwartz, H. & Diliberti, M., 2022b) .  \nThis study updates histor","cbCaiaAthoCbapzw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaAthoCbapzw","pdf",383740,"English","# Introduction\n# Research Questions\n# Methodology\n# Executive Summary of Findings\n# Superintendent Demographics\n## Race/Ethnicity Gender\n## Pre-Superintendency Role\n## District Leader Salary\n## Superintendent Salary by Student Population Size\n## Superintendent Salary by Student FRPL Rate\n## Superintendent Salary by Gender\n## Superintendent Tenure by School Board Type\n## Superintendent Turnover\n## Summary\n# Limitations\n# Conclusion\n# References\n# Appendix A: Supplementary Tables and Figures","[{\"question\":\"What does the report study about urban district superintendents?\",\"answer\":\"It studies superintendent characteristics, pay, tenure, and turnover in large urban school districts, including how demographic and district factors relate to these outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the COVID-19 period factor into the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The report compares trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how the crisis affected turnover and leadership stability.\"},{\"question\":\"Which district and superintendent factors are used to explain salary and turnover?\",\"answer\":\"The study considers superintendent demographics (gender and race) and district characteristics such as student population size, racial makeup, FRPL representation, and school board type, alongside superintendent base salary.\"}]","URBAN DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENTS - Characteristics, Tenure, and Salaries - NINTH REPORT - March 2025 | PDF",1792049653,76]