[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-356123-105":59,"doc-detail-356123-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","updates-on-the-strategies-to-improve-the-anti-tumor-efficacy-of-ferulic-acid","Updates on the Strategies to Improve the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Ferulic Acid","","Ferulic acid, a natural phenolic phytotherapeutic found in plant cell walls, is highlighted for strong anti-tumor potential alongside antioxidant activity. By counteracting oxidative stress, it influences molecular pathways central to carcinogenesis, producing antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects across multiple tumor models, including colon, breast, liver, and lung cancers. Mechanistically, it impacts PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling and can trigger apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Low solubility and bioavailability limit clinical translation, motivating chemical derivatives and nanodevices to enhance ferulic delivery and efficacy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/updates-on-the-strategies-to-improve-the-anti-tumor-efficacy-of-ferulic-acid/356123/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/updates-on-the-strategies-to-improve-the-anti-tumor-efficacy-of-ferulic-acid/356123.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What anti-tumor mechanisms are associated with ferulic acid?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Ferulic acid counteracts oxidative stress and modulates signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB. It can promote programmed cell death through apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis and also shows anti-metastatic activity in tumor models.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which types of cancers are mentioned as responsive to ferulic acid in preclinical studies?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The text cites anti-tumor effects in models of colon, breast, liver, and lung cancers.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is ferulic acid limited for clinical use, and what strategies are used to address it?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Its low water solubility and bioavailability restrict clinical application. The document notes efforts including chemical derivatives and nanotechnological devices to improve ferulic bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},356123,1790359928,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Review  \nUpdates on the Strategies to Improve the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Ferulic Acid  \nTiziana Fiore 1, Michela Giuliano 2, Claudia Pellerito 1 and Sonia Emanuele 3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Maria Gazouli  \nReceived: 24 June 2026  \nRevised: 28 July 2026  \nAccepted: 5 August 2026  \nPublished: 16 August 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Physics and Chemistry “Emilio Segrè”, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [tiziana.fiore@unipa.it](tiziana.fiore@unipa.it) (T.F.); claudia.pellerito@unipa.it (C.P.)  \n2 Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; [michela.giuliano@unipa.it](michela.giuliano@unipa.it)  \n3 Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [sonia.emanuele@unipa.it](sonia.emanuele@unipa.it)  \nAbstract  \nFerulic acid, a natural phenolic phytotherapeutic, which is mainly found in plant cell walls, has attracted the attention of researchers for its multiple pharmacological properties, especially for its anti-tumor potential. As an efficient antioxidant, the compound counteracts oxidative stress and modulates key molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Recent studies demonstrate that ferulic acid exerts antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects in various tumor models, including colon, breast, liver, and lung cancers. Mechanistically, ferulic acid affects components of prosurvival-signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB, and stimulates programmed cell death by diverse mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis. Furthermore, its ability to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs with low toxicity to normal cells underscores its therapeutic potential. Despite promising preclinical anti-tumor activity, low water solubility and bioavailability limit its clinical use. For this reason, several attempts, ranging from chemical derivatives to nanodevices, have been made to improve ferulic bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy. This review highlights the most significant and recent strategies to ameliorate the anticancer ability of ferulic acid in the perspective of a clinical application.  \nKeywords: ferulic acid; tumor; cell death; nanodevices; chemical conjugates; organotin(IV) derivatives  \n1. Introduction  \nFerulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound belonging to the class of hydroxycinnamic acids. From a chemical point of view, the compound structurally derives from cinnamic acid and is characterized by an aromatic benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the para (4-) position and a methoxy group (-OCH3) at the ortho (3-) position relative to the propenoic acid side chain. This side chain, which includes a conjugated double bond and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), extends the electronic system of the molecule, thereby enhancing its antioxidant activity.  \nFerulic acid (FA) is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and plays several critical roles in plant biology. It is especially abundant in cereal grains such as wheat, rice, oats, and corn, where it is predominantly located in the bran layer. Among cereals, corn bran and rice bran are particularly rich sources. Other dietary sources include fruits,  \nvegetables, seeds, and beverages such as apples, eggplant, artichokes, tomatoes, oranges, coffee, and beer, although at lower concentrations [1,2] .  \nIn plants, FA is mainly found in the cell walls, where it is commonly esterified and bound to lignin and polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses [3] . Beyond its structural function, FA also plays a significant role in plant defense [4] . Its ability to cro","cbCaihCgXIWljRLH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihCgXIWljRLH","pdf",2394979,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What anti-tumor mechanisms are associated with ferulic acid?\",\"answer\":\"Ferulic acid counteracts oxidative stress and modulates signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB. It can promote programmed cell death through apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis and also shows anti-metastatic activity in tumor models.\"},{\"question\":\"Which types of cancers are mentioned as responsive to ferulic acid in preclinical studies?\",\"answer\":\"The text cites anti-tumor effects in models of colon, breast, liver, and lung cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is ferulic acid limited for clinical use, and what strategies are used to address it?\",\"answer\":\"Its low water solubility and bioavailability restrict clinical application. The document notes efforts including chemical derivatives and nanotechnological devices to improve ferulic bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy.\"}]","Updates on the Strategies to Improve the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Ferulic Acid | PDF",1790123514,45]