[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-625583-105":59,"doc-detail-625583-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","update-on-antiseizure-medications-2025","Update on Antiseizure Medications 2025","","Update on antiseizure medication therapy for epilepsy provides an individualized review of available agents, emphasizing key pharmacokinetic characteristics, indications, and practical modes of use. The review summarizes the latest developments, including FDA approval of ganaxolone and expanded indications for some existing therapies. It compares efficacy and tolerability of newer agents for focal epilepsy, including use patterns such as conversion to monotherapy and adjunctive options, while outlining how pharmacokinetics and interaction profiles guide rational combination choices.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/update-on-antiseizure-medications-2025/625583/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/update-on-antiseizure-medications-2025/625583.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-12","2026-10-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the goal of this update on antiseizure medications?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article updates antiseizure medication therapy and covers the majority of agents used for patients with epilepsy. It reviews medications individually with emphasis on pharmacokinetics, indications, and modes of use.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What new development was highlighted in the latest version?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Ganaxolone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and the indications of some approved medications were expanded. The update also reviews comparative trial outcomes for several newer options.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the article recommend choosing antiseizure medications?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It emphasizes understanding pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability profiles to select appropriate therapy. Rational combinations should avoid unfavorable pharmacokinetic interactions and mechanistically related pharmacodynamic interactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},625583,1792952302,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":36,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Downloaded from [https://continuum.aan.com by Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Israel on 24 June 2026](https://continuum.aan.com by Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Israel on 24 June 2026)  \nUpdate on Antiseizure Medications 2025  \nBy Bassel W. Abou-Khalil, MD, FAAN  \nEDITOR’S NOTE  \nThe article “Update on Antiseizure Medications 2025” by DrAbou-Khalil was first published in the February 2016 Epilepsy issue of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology as “Antiepileptic Drugs,” and at the request of the Editor-in-Chief was updated by Dr Abou-Khalil for the 2019 and 2022 issues and again for this issue.  \nABSTRACT  \nOBJECTIVE: This article is an update from the article on antiseizure medication therapy published in the three previous Continuum issues on epilepsy and is intended to cover the vast majority of agents currently available toneurologists in the management of patients with epilepsy. This article addresses antiseizure medications individually, focusing on key pharmacokinetic characteristics, indications, and modes of use.  \nLATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Since the most recent version of this article was published, one new antiseizure medication, ganaxolone, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the indications of some approved medications were expanded. Older antiseizure medications are effective but have tolerability and pharmacokinetic disadvantages. Several newer antiseizure medications have undergone comparative trials demonstrating efficacy equal to and tolerability at least equal to or better than older antiseizure medications as first-line therapy for focal epilepsy. These agents include lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, topiramate, zonisamide, and lacosamide. Pregabalin was found to be less effective than lamotrigine. Lacosamide, pregabalin, and eslicarbazepine have undergone successful trials of conversion to monotherapy for focal epilepsy. Other newer antiseizure medications with a variety of mechanisms of action are suitable for adjunctive therapy.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: Knowledge of antiseizure medication pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability profiles facilitates the choice of appropriate antiseizure medication therapy for patients with epilepsy. Rational antiseizure medication combinations should avoid antiseizure medications with unfavorable pharmacokinetic interactions or pharmacodynamic interactions related to mechanism of action.  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \n􀀁  \nCONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE ONLINE  \nCITE AS:  \nCONTINUUM (MIN NEA P M INN) 2025;31(1, EPILEPSY):125–164.  \nAddress correspondence to Dr Bassel W. Abou-Khalil, Vanderbilt University, A-0118 Medical Center North, Neurology Department, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232, [Bassel.abou-khalil@vumc.org](Bassel.abou-khalil@vumc.org).  \nRELATIONSHIP DISCLOSURE: The institution of Dr Abou-Khalil has received research support from Cerevel Therapeutics, Neuroelectrics, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc, SK-Pharma, UCB S. A. , and Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  \nUNLABELED USE OF PRODUCTS/INVESTIGATIONAL USE DISCLOSURE:  \nDr Abou-Khalil discusses the unlabeled/investigational use of cannabidiol and clobazam for the treatment of focal-onset seizures, gabapentin for the treatment of headache and sleep disorders, lamotrigine as a  \nfirst-line treatment for epilepsy, perampanel for myoclonus, primidone for the treatment of essential tremor, valproate for the treatment of generalized myoclonicand generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and zonisamide as initial monotherapy for epilepsy.  \n© 2025 American Academy of Neurology.  \nCONTINUUM JOURNAL . COM 125  \nCopyright © American Academy of Neurology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.  \nUPDATE ON ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS 2025  \nDownloaded from [https://continuum.aan.com by Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Israel on 24 June 2026](https://continuum.aan.com by Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Israel on 24 June 2026)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nA  \nntiseizure medications are the mainstay ","cbCaieQpNem8Y0aa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieQpNem8Y0aa","pdf",735897,"English","# Introduction\n# Phenobarbital\n# Pharmacokinetics, indications, and modes of use\n# Latest developments\n## FDA approval and expanded indications\n## Comparative trials for focal epilepsy","[{\"question\":\"What is the goal of this update on antiseizure medications?\",\"answer\":\"The article updates antiseizure medication therapy and covers the majority of agents used for patients with epilepsy. It reviews medications individually with emphasis on pharmacokinetics, indications, and modes of use.\"},{\"question\":\"What new development was highlighted in the latest version?\",\"answer\":\"Ganaxolone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and the indications of some approved medications were expanded. The update also reviews comparative trial outcomes for several newer options.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article recommend choosing antiseizure medications?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes understanding pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability profiles to select appropriate therapy. Rational combinations should avoid unfavorable pharmacokinetic interactions and mechanistically related pharmacodynamic interactions.\"}]","Update on Antiseizure Medications 2025 | PDF",1792531646,101]