[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-375904-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-375904-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","update-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-ocular-surface-squamous-neoplasia-ossn","Update in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN)","","Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) encompasses ocular surface tumors spanning mild epithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OSSN is among the most frequent non-pigmented ocular surface malignancies. The document reviews ongoing debate between surgical excision and medical therapy to establish the most effective treatment regimen. It highlights advances in medical and conservative approaches that have increased their use in routine ophthalmology and evaluates current evidence for conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma management.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/update-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-ocular-surface-squamous-neoplasia-ossn/375904/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/update-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-ocular-surface-squamous-neoplasia-ossn/375904.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What conditions are included under ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"OSSN includes a spectrum of ocular surface tumors ranging from mild epithelial dysplasia to intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What are the main risk factors for OSSN described in the document?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The document highlights risk factors such as ultraviolet/sunlight exposure, male gender, older age, smoking, immunosuppression, ocular surface injury, genetic predisposition, chemical exposure, and vitamin A insufficiency.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the document describe typical clinical presentation and lesion morphology of OSSN?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It notes that a unilateral vascularized lesion is most common, with bilateral or multifocal cases less frequent. Lesions may appear gelatinous, leukoplakic, papillary, nodular, or nodular-ulcerative, and may be planar or textured and localized or diffuse.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},375904,1790509610,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nUpdate in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN)  \nMichael Tsatsos *, Chryseis Delimitrou , Ioannis Tsinopoulos and Nikolaos Ziakas  \nAcademic Editor: Yoshihiro Takamura  \nReceived: 4 November 2024  \nRevised: 2 January 2025  \nAccepted: 16 February 2025  \nPublished: 3 March 2025  \nCitation: Tsatsos, M.; Delimitrou, C.; Tsinopoulos, I.; Ziakas, N. Update in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular SurfaceSquamous Neoplasia (OSSN). J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 1699 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)jcm14051699  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n2nd Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Ag Pavlou 76, 564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece  \n* [Correspondence: michaeltsatsos@hotmail.com](Correspondence: michaeltsatsos@hotmail.com); Tel.: +30-2313323572  \nAbstract: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes a variety of ocular surface tumors ranging from mild epithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OSSNis one of the most frequent non-pigmented malignancies of the ocular surface. Debate persists between surgical excision and medical management concerning the optimal regimen for OSSN treatment, with surgical excision continuing to be the recognized standard of care in contemporary medicine. Medical and conservative therapy techniques have advanced significantly in recent years, leading to widespread use in everyday ophthalmology practice. This study aims to look into the efficacy of current treatment options for conjunctivalsquamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate the available evidence for the most up-to-date approach for the management of the disease.  \nKeywords: ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia; methods of management; 5-fluorouracil; mitomycin-C; interferon a2b  \n1. Introduction  \nLee et al. first introduced the term ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in 1995 as a term used to include a plethora of ocular surface non-compound tumors [1,2] . Despite being relatively rare in the general population, OSSN is proven to be one of the most common non-pigmented malignancies of the ocular surface affecting the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the limbus [1–4] . The histological features may vary from mild dysplastic lesions, intraepithelial neoplasia, also known as carcinoma in situ, to squamous cell carcinoma [1–3] . Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most advanced type of OSSNand is considered common in certain areas, such as Australia and Africa [5] . The main risk factors for OSSN predominantly involve exposure to sunlight, outdoor professions, male gender, older age (with a majority of cases occurring in individuals over 60 years of age), smoking, immunosuppression, injury to the ocular surface, genetic predisposition, exposure to chemicals, and insufficiency of vitamin A [1–5] . The disease is strongly associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) serotypes 6/11, 16, and 18 [6], but there is still some ambiguity on whether that may be accurate [7] . Immunosuppressed patients with HIV or AIDS appear to have higher occurrence, which explains the higher morbidity rates in younger women in Africa [2,8] .  \nConjunctival tumors are often categorized as congenital, acquired, malignant, premalignant, or benign [1–5] . The acquired lesions are typically classified into more specific categories based on the prevailing cell type. The most common kind of acquired lesions are epithelial tumors, with the majority being squamous cell tumors. Other prevalent types include melanocytic, vascular, and lymphoid tumors [2,4,5] . Shields et al. conducted a  \nstudy at a single ocular oncology center ","cbCaipKyX2cJOYI5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipKyX2cJOYI5","pdf",1526679,26,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Clinical presentation and lesion morphology","[{\"question\":\"What conditions are included under ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)?\",\"answer\":\"OSSN includes a spectrum of ocular surface tumors ranging from mild epithelial dysplasia to intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main risk factors for OSSN described in the document?\",\"answer\":\"The document highlights risk factors such as ultraviolet/sunlight exposure, male gender, older age, smoking, immunosuppression, ocular surface injury, genetic predisposition, chemical exposure, and vitamin A insufficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document describe typical clinical presentation and lesion morphology of OSSN?\",\"answer\":\"It notes that a unilateral vascularized lesion is most common, with bilateral or multifocal cases less frequent. Lesions may appear gelatinous, leukoplakic, papillary, nodular, or nodular-ulcerative, and may be planar or textured and localized or diffuse.\"}]","Update in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) | PDF",1790216584,66]