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This review explores emerging frontiers in deciphering how BC cells interact with the immune microenvironment, emphasizing the role of immune mechanisms in initiation, progression, and metastasis. It analyzes interactions with immune populations such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, and discusses immune factors including cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules. The review also highlights immune-response biomarkers and the therapeutic implications of targeting the immune microenvironment through immunotherapy and combination strategies to improve treatment efficacy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unveiling-the-immune-microenvironments-role-in-breast-cancer-a-glimpse-into-promising-frontiers/378370/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unveiling-the-immune-microenvironments-role-in-breast-cancer-a-glimpse-into-promising-frontiers/378370.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-26","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the review focus on regarding breast cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on how breast cancer cells interact with the immune microenvironment and how this interplay influences initiation, progression, and metastasis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which immune components and molecules are discussed as key contributors?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It discusses tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, and immune-related factors such as cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the review connect immune microenvironment research to treatment strategies?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It explores therapeutic implications of targeting the immune microenvironment, including immunotherapeutic strategies and combination therapies aimed at improving treatment efficacy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},378370,1790411957,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nUnveiling the Immune Microenvironment's Role in Breast Cancer: A Glimpse into Promising Frontiers  \nAmalia Kotsifaki, Nektarios Alevizopoulos , Vassiliki Dimopoulou and Athanasios Armakolas *  \nCitation: Kotsifaki, A.;  \nAlevizopoulos, N.; Dimopoulou, V.; Armakolas, A. Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment's Role in Breast Cancer: A Glimpse into Promising Frontiers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15332. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms242015332  \nAcademic Editor: Lyudmila  \nF. Gulyaeva  \nReceived: 11 September 2023  \nRevised: 13 October 2023  \nAccepted: 16 October 2023  \nPublished: 18 October 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nPhysiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;  \n[amaliakotsifaki96@gmail.com](amaliakotsifaki96@gmail.com) (A.K.); [nalevizopoulos@gmail.com](nalevizopoulos@gmail.com) (N.A.); [vdimopoulou14@gmail.com](vdimopoulou14@gmail.com) (V.D.)  \n* Correspondence: [aarmakol@med.uoa.gr](aarmakol@med.uoa.gr)  \nAbstract: Breast cancer (BC), one of the most widespread and devastating diseases affecting women worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge. This review explores the emerging frontiers of research focused on deciphering the intricate interplay between BC cells and the immune microenvironment. Understanding the role of the immune system in BC is critical as it holds promise for novel therapeutic approaches and precision medicine strategies. This review delves into the current literature regarding the immune microenvironment's contribution to BC initiation, progression, and metastasis. It examines the complex mechanisms by which BC cells interact with various immune cell populations, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) . Furthermore, this review highlights the impact of immune-related factors, such as cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules. Additionally, this comprehensive analysis sheds light on the potential biomarkers associated with the immune response in BC, enabling early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. The therapeutic implications of targeting the immune microenvironment are also explored, encompassing immunotherapeutic strategies and combination therapies to enhance treatment efficacy. The significance of this review lies in its potential to pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions, providing clinicians and researchers with essential knowledge to design targeted and personalized treatment regimens for BC patients.  \nKeywords: breast cancer; tumor microenvironment; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; immune checkpoint inhibitors; tumor-associated macrophages; immunotherapy  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer (BC), a heterogeneous and complex disease, currently ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and continues to be the most common malignancy in women [1] . It presents a considerable mental, physical, and socioeconomic burden on families, individuals, and systems of healthcare [2] . Based on molecular characteristics and immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of hormone receptors (HR), BC is commonly grouped into four subtypes: luminal A (ER+, PR+, Ki67 \u003C 20%), luminal B (ER+, PR+ or PR-HER2+ or HER2-, Ki67 > 20%), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpression (ER+, PR+), and triple-negative BC (TNBC)/basallike. TNBC does not express progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), or HER2 on its cell surface (ER-, PR-, HER2-) [3–5] . The protein Ki67 is essential for cell growth and is also frequently employed as a marker to evaluate the g","cbCaiv5cTRJBET5T","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv5cTRJBET5T","pdf",2411215,34,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What does the review focus on regarding breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on how breast cancer cells interact with the immune microenvironment and how this interplay influences initiation, progression, and metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immune components and molecules are discussed as key contributors?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, and immune-related factors such as cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review connect immune microenvironment research to treatment strategies?\",\"answer\":\"It explores therapeutic implications of targeting the immune microenvironment, including immunotherapeutic strategies and combination therapies aimed at improving treatment efficacy.\"}]","Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment's Role in Breast Cancer - A Glimpse into Promising Frontiers | PDF",1790229663,86]