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This study integrates multiple bioinformatics platforms to assess differential expression, diagnostic and prognostic value, genetic alterations, functional enrichment, immune infiltration, and immunotherapeutic relevance, then verifies FCN mRNA and protein levels in LUSC and LUAD using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Results show consistent downregulation, strong diagnostic performance (AUC > 0.90), and distinct survival correlations, alongside complement-pathway enrichment and immune-cell associations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unveiling-ficolins-diagnostic-and-prognostic-biomarkers-linked-to-the-tumor-microenvironment-in-lung-cancer/333915/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unveiling-ficolins-diagnostic-and-prognostic-biomarkers-linked-to-the-tumor-microenvironment-in-lung-cancer/333915.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are ficolins (FCNs) and why are they relevant to lung cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Ficolins are immune-related proteins (FCN1, FCN2, FCN3) associated with tumor onset and progression. The study targets their diagnostic and prognostic potential in lung cancer.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the study evaluate FCNs across lung cancer subtypes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It used a range of bioinformatics databases to analyze differential expression, diagnostic/prognostic significance, genetic alterations, enrichment, and immune infiltration. It then validated FCN expression at mRNA and protein levels in LUSC and LUAD using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key diagnostic and prognostic findings for FCNs?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"FCN1, FCN2, and FCN3 were consistently downregulated in both LUSC and LUAD tumor tissues. FCN1 and FCN3 showed strong diagnostic performance (AUC > 0.90), and correlations with overall survival differed by subtype.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},333915,1790192535,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},1374391975076,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051","Zhang et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology (2024) 22:273  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-024-03558-4](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-024-03558-4)  \nWorld Journal of Surgical Oncology  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nUnveiling ficolins: diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers linked to the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer  \nZeyu Zhang 1, Xueyan Geng 1, Maopeng Yin 1, Shoucai Zhang 1, Yingjie Liu 1, Dongmei Hu3 and Guixi Zheng 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nBackground Ficolins (FCNs) are a family of proteins, comprising FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3, and integral to the immune system which have been implicated in the onset and progression of tumors. Despite their recognized roles, a comprehensive analysis of FCNs in lung cancer remains elusive.  \nMethods We employed a variety of bioinformatics tools, including UCSC, SangerBox, Ualcan, cBioPortal, String, Metascape, GeneMANIA, TIDE, CTD, and CAMP databases to investigate the differential expression, diagnostic and prognostic significance, genetic alterations, functional enrichment, immune infiltration, and potential immunotherapeutic implications of FCN1, FCN2, and FCN3 in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) . Additionally, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to validate the expressions of FCNs at the mRNA and protein levels in LUSC and LUAD.  \nResults Our comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, supported by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, revealed that the expressions of FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3 were consistently downregulated in both LUSC and LUAD tumor tissues. FCNs demonstrated significant diagnostic potential for LUSC and LUAD, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for FCN1 and FCN3 exceeding 0.90. Furthermore, FCN2 and FCN3 showed a strong negative correlation with overall survival (OS) in LUSC, whereas FCN1 and FCN2 were positively correlated with OS in LUAD, suggesting their prognostic value in lung cancer. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that FCNs were predominantly associated with the complement system and complement activation pathways. Immune infiltration analysis further revealed a significant positive correlation between FCNs and the presence of neutrophils and resting mast cells. Our analysis of immunotherapy outcomes revealed a significant disparity in the immunophenoscore (IPS) among lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), distinguishing those with high FCN expression from those with low FCN expression. Additionally, we identified small molecule compounds related to FCNs and drugs pertinent to LUSC and LUAD.  \nConclusion FCNs held promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for LUSC and LUAD. This study also elucidated the relationship of FCNs with the tumor microenvironment, offering novel insights into the immunotherapeutic landscape for LUSC and LUAD.  \n*Correspondence: Guixi Zheng [zhengg@sdu.edu.cn](zhengg@sdu.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://","cbCaiiV8XnCYbb0m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiV8XnCYbb0m","pdf",7780630,16,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What are ficolins (FCNs) and why are they relevant to lung cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Ficolins are immune-related proteins (FCN1, FCN2, FCN3) associated with tumor onset and progression. The study targets their diagnostic and prognostic potential in lung cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study evaluate FCNs across lung cancer subtypes?\",\"answer\":\"It used a range of bioinformatics databases to analyze differential expression, diagnostic/prognostic significance, genetic alterations, enrichment, and immune infiltration. It then validated FCN expression at mRNA and protein levels in LUSC and LUAD using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key diagnostic and prognostic findings for FCNs?\",\"answer\":\"FCN1, FCN2, and FCN3 were consistently downregulated in both LUSC and LUAD tumor tissues. FCN1 and FCN3 showed strong diagnostic performance (AUC \\u003e 0.90), and correlations with overall survival differed by subtype.\"}]","Unveiling ficolins - diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers linked to the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer | PDF",1790004621]