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Increasing evidence links microbiome alterations to many diseases, including cancer, and indicates that some gut and oral microbes can infect tumors, initiate metastasis, and worsen outcomes. The gut microbiome also interacts with environmental factors such as diet and exposure to toxicants. Environmental pollutants like PAHs shift microbial metabolic pathways toward a proinflammatory milieu and are associated with higher cancer incidence. PAHs drive carcinogenesis via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which converts PAHs into reactive intermediates. Review highlights crosstalk between AhR activation, microbiome changes, and molecular mechanisms in cancer progression.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unlocking-the-secrets-exploring-the-influence-of-the-aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor-and-microbiome-on-cancer-development/331902/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unlocking-the-secrets-exploring-the-influence-of-the-aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor-and-microbiome-on-cancer-development/331902.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the gut microbiome influence cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The gut microbiome can affect cancer initiation and progression by producing metabolites and interacting with host systems. Some microbiota are reported to infect tumors, support metastasis, and influence clinical outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role do environmental pollutants like PAHs play in this process?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Exposure to PAHs induces shifts in gut microbiome metabolic pathways, favoring a proinflammatory microenvironment. Cancer incidence is also correlated with PAH exposure.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in PAH-induced carcinogenesis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"PAHs activate AhR, a ligand-activated transcriptional factor. AhR then metabolizes PAHs into highly reactive carcinogenic intermediates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331902,1790465467,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31,"preview_page_count":4},962075006959,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e0002397efbe92a78e?_k=1776741047341049297","Rayan et al.  \nCellular & Molecular Biology Letters (2024) 29:33 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-024-00538-0](https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-024-00538-0)  \nCellular & Molecular Biology Letters  \nMINI REVIEW Open Access  \nUnlocking the secrets: exploring  \nthe influence ofthe aryl hydrocarbon receptor and microbiome on cancer development  \nMenatallah Rayan 1,2, Tahseen S. Sayed 1, Ola J. Hussein 1, LubnaTherachiyil1,3, Zaid H. Maayah 1, Cristina Maccalli4, Shahab Uddin3,5, Jochen H. M. Prehn2,6 and Hesham M. Korashy 1*  \n*Correspondence: [hkorashy@qu.edu.qa](hkorashy@qu.edu.qa)  \n1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar  \n2 Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland  \n3 Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar  \n4 Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar  \n5 Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar  \n6 RCSI Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland  \nAbstract  \nGut microbiota regulates various aspects of human physiology by producing metabolites, metabolizing enzymes, and toxins. Many studies have linked microbiota with human health and altered microbiome configurations with the occurrence of several diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that the microbiome can influence the initiation and progression of several cancers. Moreover, some microbiotas ofthe gut and oral cavity have been reported to infect tumors, initiate metastasis, and promote the spread of cancer to distant organs, thereby influencing the clinical outcome of cancer patients. The gut microbiome has recently been reported to interact with environmental factors such as diet and exposure to environmental toxicants. Exposure to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) induces a shift in the gut microbiome metabolic pathways, favoring a proinflammatory microenvironment. In addition, other studies have also correlated cancer incidence with exposure to PAHs. PAHs are known to induce organ carcinogenesis through activating a ligand-activated transcriptional factor termed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which metabolizes PAHs to highly reactive carcinogenic intermediates. However, the crosstalk between AhR and the microbiome in mediating carcinogenesis is poorly reviewed. This review aims to discuss the role of exposure to environmental pollutants and activation of AhR on microbiome-associated cancer progression and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development.  \nKeywords: Microbiome, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Cancer, CYP1A1, Environmental pollutants  \nIntroduction  \nThe human body is a complex ecosystem hosting trillions of commensal microbes, collectively known as “microbiota” [1, 2]. These microbes represent over 5,000 species, including archaea, bacteria, protists, viruses, and fungi, among which bacteria are the most abundant [3, 4]. The human microbiome refers to the collective genetic makeup and byproducts of these microorganisms that inhabit the human body [3]. Approximately 90% of human cells are associated with microbiota, while only 10% are  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted","cbCaitxf1YfJFR0J","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitxf1YfJFR0J","pdf",1422853,"English","# Introduction\n## Human microbiota and microbiome concepts\n# Environmental pollutants and PAHs\n## PAHs, proinflammation, and cancer links\n# Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mechanisms\n## AhR activation and carcinogenic intermediates\n# Microbiome-AhR crosstalk in carcinogenesis\n## Molecular pathways in cancer development","[{\"question\":\"How does the gut microbiome influence cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"The gut microbiome can affect cancer initiation and progression by producing metabolites and interacting with host systems. Some microbiota are reported to infect tumors, support metastasis, and influence clinical outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do environmental pollutants like PAHs play in this process?\",\"answer\":\"Exposure to PAHs induces shifts in gut microbiome metabolic pathways, favoring a proinflammatory microenvironment. Cancer incidence is also correlated with PAH exposure.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in PAH-induced carcinogenesis?\",\"answer\":\"PAHs activate AhR, a ligand-activated transcriptional factor. AhR then metabolizes PAHs into highly reactive carcinogenic intermediates.\"}]","Unlocking the secrets - exploring the influence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and microbiome on cancer development | PDF",1789995680]