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Urine liquid biopsies offer non-invasive, real-time and reproducible access to cellular, molecular, proteomic and genetic signatures; urine can provide high specificity for urological sources. This review outlines advances and limitations in urinary protein, genetic and epigenetic biomarkers, compares urine and blood performance, and evaluates urinary biomarkers as alternative or complementary tools within clinical workflows. Integration of urine- or plasma-based biomarkers may improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, but continued validation is required for routine practice to enhance outcomes and reduce burden.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unleashing-the-power-of-urine-based-biomarkers-in-diagnosis-prognosis-and-monitoring-of-bladder-cancer-review/371265/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unleashing-the-power-of-urine-based-biomarkers-in-diagnosis-prognosis-and-monitoring-of-bladder-cancer-review/371265.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Noah","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are liquid biopsy approaches for bladder cancer gaining attention?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Because they can be non-invasive, real-time and reproducible, enabling biomarker detection without relying solely on invasive cystoscopy and tissue biopsy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What advantages do urine-based biomarkers have compared with plasma-based biomarkers?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Urine can provide greater specificity for directly assessing biological materials from urological sources, while plasma biomarkers have been clinically validated.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How can urine-based biomarkers be used in clinical workflows for bladder cancer management?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Urinary biomarkers can serve as alternatives or complementary tools to traditional diagnostic methods, and integrating urine- or plasma-based biomarkers may improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis and monitoring.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},371265,1790273718,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 66: 18, 2025  \nUnleashing the power of urine‑based biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of bladder cancer (Review)  \nXUEBIN WAN 1,2* , DAN WANG3* , XIAONI ZHANG2 , MINGYAN XU2 , YUYING HUANG4 , WENJIAN QIN 1 and SHIFU CHEN 1,2  \n1  \nDepartment of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,  \n2  \nShenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China; Department of Research and Development, HaploX Biotechnology, Co. , Ltd. , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China; 3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen D‑37077, Germany;  \n4  \nDepartment of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China  \nReceived September 23, 2024; Accepted January 13, 2025  \nDOI: 10.3892/ijo.2025.5724  \nAbstract. Bladder cancer (BCa) is a prevalent malignant neoplasm of the urinary tract with high incidence rate, frequent recurrence and rapid disease progression . Conventional approaches for diagnosing, prognosticating and monitoring BCa often rely on invasive procedures such as cystoscopy and tissue biopsy, which are associated with high costs and low patient compliance for follow‑up. Liquid biopsies have advantages, such as being non‑invasive, real‑time, and repro‑ ducible, in obtaining diverse biomarkers derived from cellular, molecular, proteomic and genetic signatures in urine or plasma samples. Although plasma‑based biomarkers have been clini‑ cally validated, urine provides greater specificity for directly assessing biological materials from urological sources. The present review summarizes advancements and current limita‑ tions in urinary protein, genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for disease progression and treatment response of BC, compares performance and application scenarios of urine and blood biomarkers and explores how urinary biomarkers may serve asan alternative or complementary tool to traditional diagnostic methods . The integration of urine‑based or plasma‑based biomarkers into existing diagnostic workflows offers promising avenues for improving accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis in the management of BCa. Notably, the emergence of synthetic  \nCorrespondence to: Professor Wenjian Qin or Dr Shifu Chen, Department of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China  \nE‑[mail: wj.qin@siat.ac.cn](mail: wj.qin@siat.ac.cn)  \nE‑mail: [sf.chen@siat.ac.cn](sf.chen@siat.ac.cn)  \n*Contributed equally  \nKey words: bladder cancer, liquid biopsy, urinary biomarker, genetic signature, disease progression, treatment response  \nbiomarkers and urine metabolites, combined with artificial intelligence or bioinformatic technologies, has promise in the screening of potential targets. Continued research and valida‑ tion efforts are needed to translate these findings into routine clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes and decreasing the burden of BCa.  \nContents  \n1. Introduction  \n2. Non‑invasive approaches  \n3. Urine and blood biomarkers  \n4. Discussion  \n1. Introduction  \nBladder cancer (BCa) is the most frequently occurring neoplasm in the urinary tract, originating from the urothelium. It is a widespread malignancy that carries notable morbidity and mortality rates. Annually, there are >500,000 new cases and more than 200,000 deaths reported worldwide This disease primarily affects individuals aged ≥55 years (1,2) . In general, compared with muscle‑invasive BCa (MIBC), non‑MIBC (NMIBC) exhibits more favorable prognosis anda decreased propensity for extravesical spread. Low grade NMIBC carries a higher risk of recurrence. Specifically, the 5‑year recurrence rates range from 31 to 78%, while the rates of progression are between 1 and 45%(3) . A total of 60‑70% of patients with NMIBC encounter frequ","cbCaieui5xdcDmR0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieui5xdcDmR0","pdf",1999039,22,"English","# Introduction\n# Non-invasive approaches\n# Urine and blood biomarkers\n# Discussion","[{\"question\":\"Why are liquid biopsy approaches for bladder cancer gaining attention?\",\"answer\":\"Because they can be non-invasive, real-time and reproducible, enabling biomarker detection without relying solely on invasive cystoscopy and tissue biopsy.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages do urine-based biomarkers have compared with plasma-based biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"Urine can provide greater specificity for directly assessing biological materials from urological sources, while plasma biomarkers have been clinically validated.\"},{\"question\":\"How can urine-based biomarkers be used in clinical workflows for bladder cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Urinary biomarkers can serve as alternatives or complementary tools to traditional diagnostic methods, and integrating urine- or plasma-based biomarkers may improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis and monitoring.\"}]","Unleashing the power of urine-based biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of bladder cancer - Review | PDF",1790191656,55]