[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-602673-105":59,"doc-detail-602673-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","university-planning-a-conceptual-challenge","University Planning: A Conceptual Challenge","","University Planning: A Conceptual Challenge examines how universities differ from other organizations and why educational planning must be approached through multiple perspectives. It blends Birnbaum’s systems-based characterization of universities with Bolman and Deal’s four organizational frames (structural, human resource, political, and cultural). The paper reviews major planning approaches—incremental, bounded rational, comprehensive rational, mixed scanning, and developmental—and identifies the conditions where each fits. The conclusion emphasizes equipping university planners to select appropriate approaches using all four frames to address complexity and specific needs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/university-planning-a-conceptual-challenge/602673/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/university-planning-a-conceptual-challenge/602673.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the paper argue that universities require multiple planning perspectives?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It states that educational planning authorities recognize each situation as somewhat unique, and universities are complex organizations. Therefore, a blend of approaches is needed rather than a single universal model.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which two main frameworks are combined in this paper, and what do they contribute?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The paper blends Birnbaum’s classic account of university characteristics with Bolman and Deal’s four frames for analyzing organizations. Together, they define considerations for choosing among planning approaches.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the paper relate planning approaches to planned change in universities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It distinguishes teleological change and evolutionary change and notes that certain planning approaches fit teleological change better. It then explains how comprehensive rational and bounded rational approaches differ in assumptions about understanding the environment and available resources.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602673,1792230306,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","University Planning: A Conceptual Challenge  \nRonald A. Lindahl  \nABSTRACT  \nMost authorities on educational planning and change recognize that each situation is somewhat unique and that in complex organizations, like universities, a blend of approaches is necessary. Following the premise of the need for universities to approach planning from multiple perspectives, the purpose of this paper is to briefly explore the unique nature of universities and how this helps to define the considerations that must betaken into account when deciding which planning approaches should be used.  \nTo accomplish this purpose, two primary frameworks are blended: Birnbaum’s classic text on the characteristics of universities and Bolman and Deal’s four frames for analyzing organizations (structural, human resource, political, and cultural) . Against this backdrop, various approaches to educational planning are examined, e.g., incremental, bounded rational, comprehensive rational, mixed scanning, and developmental, to discern the situations and conditions under which they are appropriate for university planning. The overall conclusion is that due to the complexity of university characteristics and the need to examine the university’s needs and conditions through each of the four frames, university planners must be well versed in all approaches in order to select the one(s) most appropriate for a particular planning endeavor.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSome authors, especially those whose work is based on the strategic planning model (Bryson, 2011; Cook, 1990), seem to advocate that their approach, with minor modifications, is applicable almost universally. However, most authorities on educational planning and change recognize that each situation is somewhat unique and that in complex organizations, like universities, a blend of approaches is necessary (Kezar, 2001). Following the premise of the need for universities to approach planning from multiple perspectives, the purpose of this paper is to briefly explore the unique nature of universities and how this helps to define the considerations that must be taken into account when deciding which planning approaches should be used.  \nCHARACTERISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES  \nBirnbaum’s (1991), How Colleges Work: The Cybernetics of Academic Organizations and Leadership, is generally recognized as the classic test defining the characteristics of universities. In that text, Birnbaum discussed both characteristics of universities in general and how universities each have their own unique characteristics. Birnbaum conceptualized universities through the general systems model and cautioned that their characteristics should not be considered individually, but rather as they interact to form the identity of that university. Various of Birnbaum’s characteristics are examined in this paper in an effort to discern their implications for university planning.  \nEducational Planning 58 Vol. 21, No. 2  \nFraming Planning  \nJust as Birnbaum’s text is considered the classic work on the characteristics of universities, Bolman and Deal’s (2008) text is the most cited regarding lenses for analyzing educational organizations. These authors advocated examining organizations through four frames: structural, human resource, political, and cultural. These were derived, respectively: from the work of rational systems theorists, who focused on organizational goals, roles, technologies, and structures; from the work of human resource theorists, who examined the fit between people and the organization; from the work of political theorists, who looked at issues of power, conflict, and the distribution of scarce resources; and from the work of symbolic theorists, who focused on the organizational culture. Bolman and Deal advocated that all organizational analyses, including educational planning, should consider all four frames in deciding a course of action. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between Birnbaum’s characteristics of universities and Bo","cbCaisYriHzOjtjP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisYriHzOjtjP","pdf",192717,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Characteristics of Universities\n## Framing Planning\n# University Planning\n## Planning Approaches for the Two Forms of Change","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper argue that universities require multiple planning perspectives?\",\"answer\":\"It states that educational planning authorities recognize each situation as somewhat unique, and universities are complex organizations. Therefore, a blend of approaches is needed rather than a single universal model.\"},{\"question\":\"Which two main frameworks are combined in this paper, and what do they contribute?\",\"answer\":\"The paper blends Birnbaum’s classic account of university characteristics with Bolman and Deal’s four frames for analyzing organizations. Together, they define considerations for choosing among planning approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper relate planning approaches to planned change in universities?\",\"answer\":\"It distinguishes teleological change and evolutionary change and notes that certain planning approaches fit teleological change better. It then explains how comprehensive rational and bounded rational approaches differ in assumptions about understanding the environment and available resources.\"}]","University Planning: A Conceptual Challenge | PDF",1792095059,28]