[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-621012-105":59,"doc-detail-621012-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","universal-design-for-digital-exams-best-practice-guidelines","Universal Design for Digital Exams: Best Practice Guidelines","","Digital assessment development benefits from embedding accessibility from the outset through universal design principles. The paper defines universally designed assessments around four elements: precisely defined constructs, maximum readability, flexibility, and item choices compatible with accommodations. It details design features spanning item types and presentation of visuals/texts, personalization options such as color and fonts, and further requirements to ensure compatibility with additional access arrangements and assistive technologies. The guidance also explains where personalization supports both targeted and broader learners.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/universal-design-for-digital-exams-best-practice-guidelines/621012/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/universal-design-for-digital-exams-best-practice-guidelines/621012.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does universal design mean in the context of digital assessments?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Universal design focuses on creating assessments that are accessible to everyone, reducing the need for modifications or extra access arrangements.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which four elements define universally designed assessments?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The paper identifies four elements: precisely defined constructs, maximum readability, flexibility, and items compatible with accommodations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is compatibility with assistive technologies still necessary?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The design features may reduce the demand for additional access arrangements, but they will not eliminate them, so features must work with extra arrangements and assistive technologies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},621012,1792813038,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Universal design for digital exams: Best practice guidelines  \nResearch and Innovation  \nFaye Walker, Phoebe Surridge, Alina Husain and Katy Finch  \nExecutive summary  \nWhen transitioning to digital assessments, it is important that accessibility features are prioritised from the outset. This can be achieved by implementing the principles of universal design in the assessment development process. Universal design is a concept that focuses on creating products and environments that are accessible to everyone, minimising the need for modifications or additional access arrangements.  \nThis paper identifies four key elements of universally designed assessments: precisely defined constructs, maximum readability, flexibility, and the use of items that are compatible with accommodations. It then focuses on the specific features that need to be considered when creating accessible digital assessments. These include features that should underpin all assessments, such as item type design and presentation of visuals and texts, as well as options for personalisation, such as colour and font choices. Although many of these features are particularly relevant for students with specific needs, they may also enhance accessibility for a wider range of students.  \nIt should be acknowledged that while these design features could reduce the demand for additional access arrangements, they will not eliminate the need for them. It is therefore essential that these features are compatible with additional access arrangements and assistive technologies.  \nContents  \nIntroduction ............................................................................................................................. 3  \nMethodology ............................................................................................................................ 3  \nFindings ................................................................................................................................... 4  \nApplying universal design to assessment .................................................................................................... 4  \nPrecisely defined constructs ........................................................................................................................... 4  \nMaximum readability ...................................................................................................................................... 4  \nFlexibility .......................................................................................................................................................... 5  \nItems are compatible with accommodations ................................................................................................ 5  \nCreating accessible digital assessments: key features ............................................................................... 6  \nItem type design ............................................................................................................................................... 7  \nPersonal display settings ................................................................................................................................ 8  \nColour and personalisation .................................................................................................................. 8  \nFont size and spacing ........................................................................................................................... 8  \nFont style............................................................................................................................................... 9  \nAudio options ................................................................................................................................................... 9  \nItem reading .........................................................................................................................................","cbCaiiCUxx3Ii2r7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiCUxx3Ii2r7","pdf",399458,"English","# Introduction\n# Methodology\n# Findings\n# Applying universal design to assessment\n## Precisely defined constructs\n## Maximum readability\n## Flexibility\n## Items are compatible with accommodations\n# Creating accessible digital assessments: key features\n## Item type design\n## Personal display settings\n## Colour and personalisation\n## Font size and spacing\n## Font style\n## Audio options\n## Item reading\n## Navigation\n## Prompts and reminders\n## Presentation of visuals\n## Alternative representations\n## Images and video\n## Colour and visual content\n## Dynamic content and animation\n## Graphs and tables\n## Mathematical symbols\n## Presentation of source texts\n## Note taking\n## Input devices\n## Language","[{\"question\":\"What does universal design mean in the context of digital assessments?\",\"answer\":\"Universal design focuses on creating assessments that are accessible to everyone, reducing the need for modifications or extra access arrangements.\"},{\"question\":\"Which four elements define universally designed assessments?\",\"answer\":\"The paper identifies four elements: precisely defined constructs, maximum readability, flexibility, and items compatible with accommodations.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is compatibility with assistive technologies still necessary?\",\"answer\":\"The design features may reduce the demand for additional access arrangements, but they will not eliminate them, so features must work with extra arrangements and assistive technologies.\"}]","Universal Design for Digital Exams: Best Practice Guidelines | PDF",1792464860,76]