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Includes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions and equations, with guidance on “counting alleles” and genotype-frequency calculations for p, q, p2, 2pq, and q2.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unit-7-natural-selection-study-review/314680/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unit-7-natural-selection-study-review/314680.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is evolutionary fitness measured by in this unit?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success—how likely organisms with favorable traits are to survive and produce more offspring to pass on those traits to the next generation.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How do disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection differ?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Disruptive selection favors the two extreme phenotypes and selects against the intermediate phenotype; stabilizing selection favors the intermediate phenotype and selects against both extremes; directional selection favors one extreme phenotype and selects against the other phenotypes.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What are the assumptions behind Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and why are they important?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It assumes an extremely large population, random mating, no mutations, no gene flow, and no natural selection. These conditions are never fully met, but they provide a valuable null hypothesis for comparing real-world allele frequency changes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},314680,1789987281,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,100,105,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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\nAvailable Resources  \nDaily Review on IG stories (started 2/2) 505-page Review Guide on Weebly Recorded FRQ Fridays on YouTube  \n120+ Wayground Games Review Videos/PowerPoints on Weebly [Weebly: www.apbiopenguins.weebly.com](Weebly: www.apbiopenguins.weebly.com)  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nNatural/Artificial Selection Hardy-Weinberg Evidence of Evolution  \nPhylogeny Speciation Practice Questions AP Exam Format & Resources  \n13-20% Exam Weighing  \nNatural Selection  \nDeveloped by Charles Darwin  \n• Establish due to variation in the population and competition for resources  \n• Evolutionary Fitness is measured by Reproductive Success  \n• Organisms with more favorable trait, more likely to survive and produce more offspring to pass on their traits to next generation  \nBeware of Lamarckian statements • Examples:  \n-Peppered Moths  \n-Antibiotic Resistance  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nNatural Selection  \nDisruptive Selection:  \n• Selection for the two extreme phenotypes  \n• Selection against the intermediate phenotype  \nStabilizing Selection:  \n• Selection for the intermediate phenotype  \n• Selection against the two extreme phenotypes  \nDirectional Selection:  \n• Selection for an extreme phenotype  \n• Selection against the other phenotypes  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nArtificial Selection  \n• Organisms with certain traits are bred until population has that trait  \n• Humans affect variation in the population  \n• Examples:  \n-Dog Breeds  \n-Corn from Maize  \n-Wild Mustard → Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage, Kale, & Kohlrabi  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nArtificial Selection  \n• Organisms with certain traits are bred until population has that trait  \n• Humans affect variation in the population  \n• Examples:  \n-Dog Breeds  \n-Corn from Maize  \n-Wild Mustard → Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage, Kale, & Kohlrabi  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nMechanisms of Genetic Variations  \nDrivers of Evolution:  \n• Mutations – new genetic variation  \n• Migration – gene flow (addition/removal of alleles from population)  \n• Genetic Drift – nonselective process in small populations changes allele frequencies  \n• Bottleneck Effect – population size reduced to small number of individuals  \n• Founder Effect – population separated from other members of population  \nVariation in Populations:  \n• Species and populations with little genetic diversity are at risk of decline or extinction.  \n• Genetically diverse populations are more resilient to environmental perturbation because they are more likely to contain individuals that can withstand the environmental pressure.  \n• Alleles that are adaptive in one environmental condition may be deleterious in another because of different selective pressures.  \nUnit 7 Natural Selection  \nHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium  \nFive Fingers of Evolution:  \n• Extremely LARGE population size  \n• Random mating  \n• No mutations  \n• No gene flow (immigration/emigration)  \n• No natural selection  \nThese conditions are never met, but they provide a valuable null hypothesis.  \nHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p + q = 1  \np2 + 2pq + q2 = 1  \n\n| \u003Cbr>TIP: ALWAYS START WITH q2 |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| p | q | p2 | 2pq | q2 |\n|  |  |  |  |  |\n\nVariables p = frequency of the dominant allele q = frequency of the recessive allele p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant 2pq = frequency of the heterozygous  \nq2 = frequency of the homozygous recessive  \n“Counting Alleles” Method p = (2AA+Aa)/(2 x \\# individuals) q = (2aa+Aa)/(2 x \\# individuals)  \np2 = \\#AA/total  \n2pq = \\#Aa/total  \nq2 = \\#aa/total  \nYOU MUST USE THIS METHOD IF GIVEN ALL OF THE GENOTYPE NUMBERS  \n  Unit 7 Natural Selection","cbCaifhqfzIZVoQq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifhqfzIZVoQq","pdf",1949287,39,"English","# Unit 7 Natural Selection\n## Available Resources\n## Natural Selection\n## Artificial Selection\n## Mechanisms of Genetic Variations\n## Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium","[{\"question\":\"What is evolutionary fitness measured by in this unit?\",\"answer\":\"Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success—how likely organisms with favorable traits are to survive and produce more offspring to pass on those traits to the next generation.\"},{\"question\":\"How do disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection differ?\",\"answer\":\"Disruptive selection favors the two extreme phenotypes and selects against the intermediate phenotype; stabilizing selection favors the intermediate phenotype and selects against both extremes; directional selection favors one extreme phenotype and selects against the other phenotypes.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the assumptions behind Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and why are they important?\",\"answer\":\"It assumes an extremely large population, random mating, no mutations, no gene flow, and no natural selection. These conditions are never fully met, but they provide a valuable null hypothesis for comparing real-world allele frequency changes.\"}]","Unit 7 Natural Selection - Study Review | PDF",1789901594,98]