[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-402902-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-402902-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","unit-3-properties-of-substances-mixtures-31-intermolecular-interparticle-forces","Unit 3 - Properties of Substances & Mixtures - 3.1 Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces","","Unit 3-Properties of Substances & Mixtures focuses on 3.1 Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces, explaining how attractions and repulsions arise from charged and partial-charge particles. The notes introduce Coulomb’s Law for full ionic charges and contrast it with harder-to-quantify partial charges in atoms and molecules. They then develop Van der Waals forces, especially London dispersion: temporary dipoles formed by electron-cloud wobbling induce dipoles in nearby species, increasing attraction with larger partial charges and shorter distances.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unit-3-properties-of-substances-mixtures-31-intermolecular-interparticle-forces/402902/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unit-3-properties-of-substances-mixtures-31-intermolecular-interparticle-forces/402902.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Levi","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How does Coulomb’s Law relate to bonding between charged particles?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Bond strength depends on attractions and repulsions between charged particles, governed by Coulomb’s Law (with force depending on charge and distance). Full charges on ions fit multiples of the electron charge, while partial charges also drive attractions but are harder to quantify.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What causes a temporary dipole in London dispersion forces?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Electron clouds can ‘wobble,’ producing uneven charge distribution. This creates regions of separated positive and negative partial charges, forming a temporary dipole.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why do London dispersion forces get stronger with larger atoms or molecules?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Larger atoms have outer shells farther from the nucleus, so electron-cloud wobbling produces larger partial charges, strengthening temporary-induced dipoles. Molecular size also increases the number of such attractions, while branching can reduce surface area and weaken dispersion forces.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},402902,1791696759,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,100,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":33,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nUnit 3-Properties of Substances & Mixtures  \n3.1 Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces  \n3.2 Properties of Solids  \n3.3 Solids, Liquids & Gases  \n3.4 Ideal Gas Law  \n3.5 Kinetic Molecular Theory  \n3.6 Deviation from Ideal Gas Law  \n3.7 Solutions & Mixtures  \n3.8 Representations of Solutions  \n3.9 Separation of Solutions & Mixtures  \n3.10 Solubility  \n3.11 Spectroscopy & Electromagnetic Spectrum 3.12 Properties of Photons  \n3.13 Beer-Lambert Law  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 1 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nThis logo shows it is a Topic Question-it should only require knowledge included in this Topic and it should be giving practice in the Science Practice associated with this Topic.  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 2 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson are licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nTo view a copy of this license, visit  \n[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)  \nBY: Credit must be given to me, the creator.  \nNC: Only noncommercial use of my work is permitted. Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.  \nSA: Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 3 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \n3.1 Intermolecular Forces  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 4 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 5 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \nCoulombs Law  \nAll bonding is based on the attractions (and repulsions) that exist between charged particles. The strength of bonding is governed by Coulombs Law:  \nF = q1 q2  \nr2  \nFull charges found on ions such as Na+ , Cl- , Mg2+ , O2- , Al3+ , P3- etc. are multiples ofthe charge of one electron ( 1.16 x 10-19 C ) .  \nPartial charges δ+ and δ -as found in atoms and molecules are harder to quantify but will set up attractions (and repulsions) as governed by Coulombs Law.  \nDepending on the nature of the charges and how they arise, we have developed a system for labelling these similar attractions as different types of bonding.  \nMain Types of Bonding  \nISPS Chemistry Oct 2025 page 6 Intermolecular Forces  \nAP Chemistry Notes © 2020 by Gordon Watson is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.  \n3.1 Intermolecular Forces (Van der Waal's Forces) London Dispersion Forces-temporary dipole → induced dipole  \nThese are usually the weakest of attractions and arepresent in all substances but are often ignored if a stronger type of attraction, e.g. ionic or metallic, is present.  \nIn all atoms, electrons are distributed in shells and orbitals but are constantly changing position.  \nNormally, electrons will minimise repulsions and, as a result, their charge will be evenly distributed throughout the relevant shells and orbitals.  \nSometimes, however, the electron cloud will 'wobble' and charge can become unevenly distributed.  \nThis creates a temporary dipole-regions of separated positive and negative charge.  \nThese will be partial charges, δ+ and δ -, and are usually significantly less than the charges formed on ions.  \nNormally, the need to minimise repulsion within the shell will result in charge returning to a more even distribution and the temporary dipole w","cbCain3gvPxhK0E2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain3gvPxhK0E2","pdf",12378942,148,"English","# Unit 3 - Properties of Substances & Mixtures\n## 3.1 Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces\n## Coulomb's Law\n## Main Types of Bonding\n## Van der Waals Forces - London Dispersion Forces","[{\"question\":\"How does Coulomb’s Law relate to bonding between charged particles?\",\"answer\":\"Bond strength depends on attractions and repulsions between charged particles, governed by Coulomb’s Law (with force depending on charge and distance). Full charges on ions fit multiples of the electron charge, while partial charges also drive attractions but are harder to quantify.\"},{\"question\":\"What causes a temporary dipole in London dispersion forces?\",\"answer\":\"Electron clouds can ‘wobble,’ producing uneven charge distribution. This creates regions of separated positive and negative partial charges, forming a temporary dipole.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do London dispersion forces get stronger with larger atoms or molecules?\",\"answer\":\"Larger atoms have outer shells farther from the nucleus, so electron-cloud wobbling produces larger partial charges, strengthening temporary-induced dipoles. Molecular size also increases the number of such attractions, while branching can reduce surface area and weaken dispersion forces.\"}]","Unit 3 - Properties of Substances & Mixtures - 3.1 Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces | PDF",1790535098,373]