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Additional sections define accuracy, precision, reliability/repeatability, validity, and error types (systematic, random, personal) and uncertainties. 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Opposite to condensation polymerisation  \nHydrophilic: Attracted to polar substances  \nHydrophobic: Attracted to nonpolar substances  \n􀂤 The School For Excellence 2020 Unit 3 Biology – A+ Student Generated Materials Page 1  \nEXPERIMENTAL METHOD  \n❏ What biological concepts are relevant to this experiment?  \n❏ What were the dependent, independent variables and controlled variables?  \n❏ What calculations have been performed? What values need to be measured in order to perform these calculations and how were they measured?  \n❏ How many trials were carried out?  \n❏ Based on the procedure, what outcome is expected?  \nHypothesis  \n● A statement that can be tested  \n● Cannot be proved → Must be supported or not supported by the data  \nIndependent variable  \n● What you change  \n● x-axis  \nDependent variable  \n● Must be measurable (how will it be measured?)  \n● y-axis  \nControlled variables  \n● Must state “ the same”  \n● To attribute the change in DV to change in IV  \nControl group  \nRepeat  \n● The experiment  \nLarge sample  \n● Eg. 100 mice  \nExpected outcomes  \n● Reference IV and DV  \n􀂤 The School For Excellence 2020 Unit 3 Biology – A+ Student Generated Materials Page 2  \nTrend  \n● Suggests there is some kind of relationship between the independent and dependent variables  \n● Must be described fully and accurately  \n● Rapidly, smoothly, reached a peak, became constant, fluctuated  \nAccuracy  \n● Obtaining the correct (true) measurement  \n● Not a quantity  \n● Increased by changing the way the experiment was conducted  \nPrecision  \n● Obtaining the same measurement over and over again  \n● Little spread about their mean  \n● Gives no indication of how close the results are to the true value  \n● Increased by having a larger sample size and averaging and removing outliers  \nReliability/Repeatability  \n● Obtaining same measurement if experiment is repeated again or by someone else  \n● Reliability of results can be evaluated by repeating the investigation and determining the degree to which the results vary.  \n● The purposes of reproducing experiments include checking of claimed precision and uncovering of any systematic errors from one or other experiments/groups that may affect accuracy. Experiments that use subjective human judgment or that involve small sample sizes or insufficient trials may also yield results that may not be repeatable and/or reproducible.  \n● Can be increase by repeating the experiment many times to reduce the effects of random errors in order to make the results more likely to be obtained if someone else repeats the experiment  \nValidity  \n● Whether the results are due to change in IV affecting DV  \n● Increased by controlled variables  \n􀂤 The School For Excellence 2020 Unit 3 Biology – A+ Student Generated Materials Page 3  \nSystematic error  \n● Consistent error that occurs every time a measurement is taken  \n● Caused by the design of the experiment and the way it was conducted  \n● Cannot be eliminated by averaging  \n● Affects accuracy  \nRandom error  \n● Unpredictable variations in measurements over which you have little","cbCaih3Zhw5PmCz0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih3Zhw5PmCz0","pdf",3290989,67,"English","# Unit 3 Biology - Summary Notes for the VCAA Exams\n## Glossary\n## Experimental Method\n## Plasma Membrane\n## Membrane Transport\n## Types of Membrane Transport","[{\"question\":\"What makes a dependent variable suitable for an experiment?\",\"answer\":\"The dependent variable must be measurable, with clear instructions on how it will be measured.\"},{\"question\":\"How do accuracy and precision differ in these notes?\",\"answer\":\"Accuracy is obtaining the correct (true) measurement, while precision is getting the same measurement repeatedly with little spread around the mean.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between systematic error and random error?\",\"answer\":\"Systematic error is a consistent mistake caused by experimental design and cannot be eliminated by averaging. Random error involves unpredictable variations that affect precision and can be reduced with larger samples and averaging.\"}]","UNIT 3 BIOLOGY - SUMMARY NOTES FOR THE VCAA EXAMS - Experimental Method, Plasma Membrane, and Membrane Transport | PDF",1789909377,169]