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After controlling for faculty enrollment effects, gender gaps in initial employment outcomes are linked to gender-segregated labor-market structures, union and professional association membership, and specific job conditions. Job-seeking with strong promotion opportunities increases the likelihood of obtaining such employment regardless of 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sex?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No. Seeking a job with good promotion opportunities at graduation increases the chance of obtaining it regardless of sex.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},597163,1792165054,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","The Canadian Journal of Higher Education,Vol.XXIII-1,1993  \nLa revue canadienne d'enseignement superieur,Vol.XXIII-1,1993  \n# Unequal Returns:Gender Differences in InitialEmployment Among University Graduates*\n\nKAREN D.HUGHES4&GRAHAM S.LOWEt  \n## Abstract\n\nThis paper examines how socio-demographic,educational,work attitude,andlabour market characteristics contribute to gender differences in the earningsand promotion opportunities of 1985 university graduates employed full-timeone year after graduating.Even after accounting for the effects of faculty ofenrolment,gender differences in initial employment outcomes are attributableto gender-segregated labour market structures,union and professional associa-tion membership,and specific job conditions.Thus,men and women graduatingfrom the same faculty and university translate credentials into different kinds ofemployment futures.Interestingly,wanting a job with good promotion opportu-nities at the time of graduation increased the chance of finding such a job,regardless of sex.This paper concludes by exploring the theoretical and policyimplications of these findings.  \n## Résumé\n\nCet article étudie I'impact selon le sexe des caractéristiques socio-démographiques,de I'éducation,des attitudes face au travail,et du marché delemploi en regard des différences de revenus et des perspectives de promotion  \n'Funding for this study was provided by Alberta Carcer Development and Employment,and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.We wish to thank HarveyKrahn,John Myles,Barry Scholnick,and the three anonymous reviewers for helpfulcomments on earlier drafts of this paper.We also are grateful to Guy Germain fortranslating the abstract into French  \n△University of Cambridge  \n*University of Alberta,Department of Sociology  \ndes diplomés universitaires de 1985,un an apres leur diplomation.Meme entenant compte des differences disciplinaires,on observe que les écarts derevenus sont attribuables aux structures du marche de Iemploi qui s'avèrentdifférentes selon le sexe,aIappartenance ou non à des associations syndicaleset professionnelles,et enfin,aux conditions specifiques a l'emploi.Enconsequence,les hommes et les femmes qui diploment d'un meme programme etd'une meme université ne disposent pas des memes perspectives demploifutures meme s'ils possedent le meme diplome.Il est aussi intéressant de noterque les diplómés à la recherche d'un emploi qui offre des possibilitésd'avancement dans la carrière au moment de I'obtention du diplome,augmentent leur chance d'obtenir un tel emploi,independamment du sexe ducandidat.L'article conclut en explorant les implications theoriques et pratiquesde cette etude.  \n## Introduction\n\nThe 1980s were a decade of socioeconomic paradoxes for Canadian women.More females than males enrolled in postsecondary educational programs;andsince 1982,women have received the majority of undergraduate degrees(Gilbert &Guppy,1988,p.165).Yet gender segregation persists in universities:male undergraduates are concentrated in engineering and applied sciences;female undergraduates are clustered in nursing,household sciences,and ele-mentary-primary education(Mori&Burke,1989).True,some male-dominatedfields such as pharmacy(and,increasingly,medicine)are undergoing feminiza-tion(Marshall 1989);but this is overshadowed by women's growing concentra-tion in education,arts disciplines,and other female dominated fields of study(Gilbert &Guppy,1988).  \nWithin the labour force,the male-female wage gap is less among universitygraduates than among non-university educated workers(Gunderson,1989,p.52).Nonetheless,women who entered the labour market with universitydegrees in the 1980s earned less than males with similar credentials in virtuallyall occupations(Wannell,1990).Despite employment equity policies and rapidincreases in the number of women entering management occupations,relativelyfew have moved up into upper-middle and senior management positions ineither the public or private se","cbCaiaTYTmfaYD4H","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaTYTmfaYD4H","pdf",654691,"English","# Abstract\n# Résumé\n# Introduction\n# Theoretical Issues","[{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the paper examine regarding gender differences?\",\"answer\":\"It examines earnings and promotion opportunities for 1985 university graduates employed full-time one year after graduating.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors explain gender differences after accounting for faculty enrollment?\",\"answer\":\"Gender-segregated labor-market structures, union and professional association membership, and specific job conditions contribute to the differences.\"},{\"question\":\"Does wanting a job with good promotion prospects affect results by sex?\",\"answer\":\"No. Seeking a job with good promotion opportunities at graduation increases the chance of obtaining it regardless of sex.\"}]","Unequal Returns - Gender Differences in Initial Employment Among University Graduates | PDF",1792084510,48]