[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-41126-en":3,"doc-seo-41126-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},41126,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism","Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism by Samir Amin, translated by Brian Pearce, analyzes how the world capitalist system produces widening gaps between “developed” and “underdeveloped” countries. The text frames late-19th- and 20th-century global historical change as accelerating crises within capitalism’s world-system structure. It also critiques conventional social sciences, questioning their ability to explain the linkage between individual and society and the underlying causes of underdevelopment and dependence.","Unequal Development  \nAn Essay on the · Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism  \nby Samir Amin  \nTranslated by Brian Pearce  \n· . -;·::!:·􀁀 . :, . . · ·· ·  \n.. \"'\" ) ;:.. ... ---..,.􀁃  \n- . ; ,. 􀁓 l t  \n. _.  \n:; ··- · ·-􀁁 \\  \n.  \n. '1 .• .. ... . ..  \n•. :  \n• • ' I '· ., I - -. •'  \n0 r , ·' I jl .;. I \\ • f I • ':.( I ,\\ . ' • 1 ••· :: · ' \\/ •' : I . i \\ i I --􀁉 - - . - I  \n1L·n- \\.:- --. \\..,; __./,t-. f 􀁂- \\• ;!: t--- · - ; t · ' • 􀀷  \n,. . --r-I. . I 1I ... I•.--_􀁈 􀁆- ',. I\"-. \"'..--.-.-..--..--·-. . 'fj':;.  \\' .-:, II: I! -,.' rJt/f\\'􀁀 l! . ,,.-;'-.,. . .. .. . ..  \n- _., · --· - • 'i. . ...... ...:.-:=-\"•. .. .  \nTHE HARVESTER PRESS  \n1375564  \nUnequal Development  \nThe Harvester Press Limited Publisher: John Spiers  \n2 Stanford Terrace, Hassocks Sussex, England  \nCopyright © 1976 by Monthly Review Press ISBN 0 901759 46 5  \nOriginally published as Le Developpement inegal by Les Editions de Minuit, Paris, France, copyright © 1973 by Les Editions de Minuit  \nAll rights reserved  \nContents  \nIntroduction 9  \n1. The Precapitalist Formations 13  \n2. The Fundamental Laws of the  \nCapitalist Mode of Production 59  \n3. From Specialization to Dependence 133  \n4. The Origin and Development  \nof Underdevelopment 198  \n:5. Tbe Contemporary Social Formations  \nofthe Periphery 293  \nBibliography  387  \nIndex 419  \nIntroduction  \nOnly at the. end of the nineteenth century did a worldwide civilization begin to take shape. During the first seventy years of the twentieth century, however, which . have been marked by a speeding up of the historical process, the division of the world into \"developed\" and tcunderdeveloped\" countries has not become less pronounced; on the contrary, the gap between them continues to grow larger and has brought about the first crises of a capitalist system that had only just begun to be a world system.  \nThe Russian Revolution ·of 1917, the Chinese Revolution that took pface between 1930 and 1950, the revolutions in .Vietnam and Cuba are all so many stages in a process of development beyond capitalism, in the name of socialism. The fears that Marx expressed in the middle of the last century, to the effect that a socialist Europe might find itself up against a capjtalism still on the upgrade in Asia, have not proved justified. The opposite, indeed, has occurred. At the very center of the system, however, in the advanced capitalist countries, an aU-round challenging of this system has begun, through a thousand indirect and unexpected channels.  \n.9  \nl j  \n.  \n10 Unequal Development  \nThis chall'enge to the foundation of the system of values upon \\\\'hich the world capitalist system is based brings into question in turn the conventional social science of the \"establishment\" and the universities. Conventional sociology, whether functionalist or structuralist . having developed as a reply to historical rnaterialism, has the same ideo1ogical foundation and seeks to justify the established order by demonstrating \"universal harmonies.\" Political science wavers between journalism and formalism. As for social psychology. this continues to evade its real problem-how to build the bridge linking the individual to the social-w·ith Wilhelm Reich constituting the exception. a pioneer whom few have followed. The weakness of the so-called \"fundamental disciplines: · conceived in mutual isolation, results in the weakness of their multidisciplinary combination, as geography and history. Geographers are content t􀅴 juxtapose facts, while the· basic ques􀅵 tion of their discipline-how natural conditions act upon social torrnalions-remains almost unanswered. History continues tobe anecdotal in character: if it . cannot be everything, it is noth  \n·  \ning. And if, amid this gener.al insolvency, conventional 􀅶conomics seems the l","cbCailrPQYhNjn9k","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailrPQYhNjn9k","pdf",25216753,5,1,400,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## The world division of developed and underdeveloped countries\n## Challenges to conventional social science\n## Limits of disciplinary isolation","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the book highlight about global development and underdevelopment?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights how the division between “developed” and “underdeveloped” countries becomes more pronounced over time, with the gap continuing to grow and contributing to crises within capitalism as a world system.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book connect 1917–1950 revolutions to its broader development argument?\",\"answer\":\"It presents the Russian Revolution (1917), the Chinese Revolution (1930–1950), and revolutions in Vietnam and Cuba as stages in a development process beyond capitalism, undertaken in the name of socialism.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the book criticize conventional social science and universities?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that conventional sociology, political science, and social psychology rely on ideological or evasive foundations and are weakened by disciplines conceived in isolation, making it hard to explain social formations and link individuals to 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problem does the book highlight about global development and underdevelopment?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It highlights how the division between “developed” and “underdeveloped” countries becomes more pronounced over time, with the gap continuing to grow and contributing to crises within capitalism as a world system.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the book connect 1917–1950 revolutions to its broader development argument?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It presents the Russian Revolution (1917), the Chinese Revolution (1930–1950), and revolutions in Vietnam and Cuba as stages in a development process beyond capitalism, undertaken in the name of socialism.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Why does the book criticize conventional social science and universities?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"It argues that conventional sociology, political science, and social psychology rely on ideological or evasive foundations and are weakened by disciplines 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