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Vocational Tracking and Civic Outcomes - read online free","","Investigates how vocational education and training (VET) versus academic upper secondary schooling shapes civic outcomes over 15 years in Germany. Using a unique longitudinal cohort (N=2461) and doubly robust weighting to reduce selection bias, the study estimates effects on political interest, internal political efficacy, and intent to vote. Findings show negative effects of VET on these civic outcomes, especially as participants grow older. Implications for future research and VET policy are discussed, emphasizing the need to reassess civic returns to educational tracking.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/unequal-civic-development-vocational-tracking-and-civic-outcomes-read-online-free/590090/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/unequal-civic-development-vocational-tracking-and-civic-outcomes-read-online-free/590090.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What civic outcomes does the study examine for vocational vs academic tracks?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines political interest, internal political efficacy, and intent to vote across late adolescence and early adulthood over 15 years.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study address selection bias in comparing track outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It applies a doubly robust weighting approach using a rich set of baseline covariates within a unique cohort study in Germany (N=2461).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What overall effect does VET have on civic outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"VET shows negative effects on the civic outcomes measured, with impacts particularly evident as participants get older.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590090,1792190340,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2021, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–12 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584211045397  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2021. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nUnequal Civic Development? Vocational Tracking and Civic Outcomes  \nin Germany  \nCorey Savage   \nAmerican Institutes for Research  \nMichael Becker   \nTechnical University Dortmund  \nJürgen Baumert  \nMax Planck Institute for Human Development  \nVocational education and training (VET) is a common form of upper secondary school tracking in countries around the world.  \nThere are ongoing debates regarding the effects of this differentiation on academic and labor market outcomes; however, evidence on civic outcomes is lacking. Using a unique cohort study in Germany (N = 2461) and a doubly robust weighting approach with a rich set of baseline covariates to address selection bias, we estimated the effects of VET (relative to academic upper secondary school) on political interest, internal political efficacy, and intent to vote across 15 years of late adolescence and early adulthood. We estimated negative effects of VET on these civic outcomes, particularly as participants grew older.  \nImplications for future research and VET policy are discussed.  \nKeywords: ability grouping, international education/studies, quasi-experimental analysis, tracking, vocational education  \nPolitical scientists and economists have long debated whether there are civic returns to education. However, the primary focus has been on years of schooling or educational attainment (e.g., Berinsky & Lenz, 2010; Dee, 2004; Kam & Palmer, 2008, 2011; Mayer, 2011; Milligan et al. , 2004; Persson, 2013; Persson et al. , 2016; Siedler, 2010; Sondheimer & Green, 2010) . While this is an important initial investigation into the role of schooling for civic development, education varies beyond years or attainment.  \nOne source of such variation is curricular tracking, which is implemented in nearly all educational systems around the world (Furuta, 2019), commonly with differentiation between academic and vocational/technical tracks after lower secondary schooling. The international research community has shown an increasing interest in the impacts of various forms of tracking on civic outcomes (Hoskins & Janmaat, 2016, 2019; Hoskins et al., 2016; Ichilov, 1991; Janmaat, 2011; Janmaat et al., 2014; Persson, 2012; Quintelier, 2010; van de Werfhorst, 2017; Witschge et al., 2019; Witschge & van de Werfhorst, 2020) . However, only three peer-reviewed studies, to our knowledge, have examined the impacts of vocational tracking after lower secondary schooling on civic outcomes using longitudinal data: two in the United Kingdom and one in Sweden. While these studies have helped advance the field, they included  \nlimitations (described further below), which underscore the need for further inquiry.  \nUsing a quasi-experimental design with rich baseline data from a cohort of German lower secondary school students, we estimated the effects of entering vocational education and training (VET; the commonly used international term) versus academic upper secondary school on several civic outcomes across 15 years of late adolescence and early adulthood. The outcomes included political interest, internal political efficacy (i.e., one’s belief that they understand and can contribute to political life), and intent to vote, which are expected to be predictive of civic participation, such as voting (e.g. , Krampen, 2000; Levy & Akiva, 2019) .  \nTracking and Civic Development  \nWhile there are ongoing debates concerning developmental trajectories of civic attitudes across the life course, evidence suggests that adolescence and early adulthood are influential (e.g., Alwin & Krosnick, 1991; Andolina et al., 2003; Arens & Watermann, 2017; Baumert et al., 2016; Eckstein et al., 2012","cbCaikD9AmAJscru","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikD9AmAJscru","pdf",571697,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Vocational education and civic outcomes\n# Background and rationale\n## Tracking beyond years of schooling\n## Adolescence and early adulthood as key periods\n# Analytical approach\n## Quasi-experimental design and baseline covariates\n# Results and discussion\n## Negative effects of VET on civic outcomes\n## Implications for VET policy","[{\"question\":\"What civic outcomes does the study examine for vocational vs academic tracks?\",\"answer\":\"It examines political interest, internal political efficacy, and intent to vote across late adolescence and early adulthood over 15 years.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study address selection bias in comparing track outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It applies a doubly robust weighting approach using a rich set of baseline covariates within a unique cohort study in Germany (N=2461).\"},{\"question\":\"What overall effect does VET have on civic outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"VET shows negative effects on the civic outcomes measured, with impacts particularly evident as participants get older.\"}]","Unequal Civic Development? Vocational Tracking and Civic Outcomes - read online free | PDF",1792068769]