[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590822-105":59,"doc-detail-590822-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","understanding-the-racial-discipline-gap-in-schools","Understanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools","","Examines racial disparities in school discipline between Black, White, and Hispanic, White students using Indiana statewide student-level panel data covering prekindergarten through 12th grade from 2008–2009 to 2013–2014. Demonstrates that Black–White disciplinary gaps emerge by prekindergarten and widen with grade progression, while Hispanic–White gaps are initially null and become substantially attenuated after accounting for cross-school variation and covariates. Finds Black sorting into more punitive environments via decomposition, with partial attenuation when controlling for student- and school-level characteristics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-the-racial-discipline-gap-in-schools/590822/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-the-racial-discipline-gap-in-schools/590822.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data and timeframe does the study use?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study uses Indiana statewide student-level panel data for public school students from prekindergarten through 12th grade, covering 2008–2009 through 2013–2014.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do Black-White discipline gaps change across grades?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The Black-White disciplinary gaps emerge as early as prekindergarten and widen with grade progression across multiple discipline outcomes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What explains the discipline gap, according to the article’s analysis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article uses a decomposition technique showing empirical support for the hypothesis that Black students nonrandomly sort into more punitive disciplinary environments, and it also assesses attenuation after controlling for covariates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590822,1792160575,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","AERA Open  \nApril-June 2019, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 1–26 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858419844613  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2019. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nUnderstanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools  \nMaithreyi Gopalan  \nThe Pennsylvania State University  \nAshlyn Aiko Nelson  \nIndiana University-Bloomington  \nWe explore the discipline gap between Black and White students and between Hispanic and White students using a statewide student-level panel data set on Indiana public school students attending prekindergarten through 12th grade from 2008–2009 through 2013–2014. We demonstrate that the Black-White disciplinary gaps, defined in a variety of ways and robust to a series of specification tests, emerge as early as in prekindergarten and widen with grade progression. The magnitude of these disciplinary gaps attenuates by about half when we control for many student-and school-level characteristics, but it persists within districts and schools. In contrast, we find that Hispanic-White gaps are initially null and statistically insignificant atthe prekindergarten/kindergarten level and attenuate substantially after adjustment for cross-school (district) variation and other covariates. We further disentangle the discipline gap using a decomposition technique that provides empirical support for the hypothesis that Black students nonrandomly sort into more punitive disciplinary environments.  \nKeywords: school discipline, race, discipline gap, disproportionality  \nThere is ample evidence that students of color disproportionately experience adverse disciplinary actions in school, such as in- and out-of-school suspensions and expulsions. Nationally, 5% of White boys and 2% of White girls receive one or more out-of-school suspensions annually, as compared with 18% of Black boys and 10% of Black girls and 7% of Hispanic boys and 3% of Hispanic girls (U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, 2016) .  \nChildren who experience punitive disciplinary actions in school exhibit lower academic achievement on average (Arcia, 2006; Hwang, 2018; Lacoe & Steinberg, 2018) . Because exclusionary disciplinary policies reduce children’s opportunity to learn and reduce the time that children spend engaged in educationally meaningful activities (Losen, Hodson, Keith, Morrison, & Belway, 2015; Rausch & Skiba, 2006), there is reason to hypothesize that punitive disciplinary actions may have causal adverse effects on children’s academic outcomes. Thus, racial disparities in adverse disciplinary outcomes likely exacerbate existing race-based achievement gaps (Morris & Perry, 2016) .  \nHowever, several important aspects of race-based disciplinary gaps remain unexplored, in large part due to data limitations. For example, the federal Office of Civil Rights (OCR) only recently began (2013–2014 academic year) reporting biennial data on adverse disciplinary outcomes by student race/ethnicity for all schools and districts in the  \nUnited States. Although the OCR data have national coverage, they cannot be disaggregated to the student or grade level or analyzed across a longer period, and they do not include an extensive set ofcovariates useful for explaining variation in student suspensions and expulsions. Other studies with disaggregated student-level data from state departments of education (Anderson & Ritter, 2017; Skiba et al. , 2014) employed truncated data sets, including students who received only disciplinary infractions and thereby precluding an analysis that accurately predicts the probability of suspensions/expulsions with the full student sample.  \nIn this article, we provide an extensive description of the racial disparities in school disciplinary outcomes that have eluded the literature thus far due to such data limitations. First, we highlight the early emergence of Black","cbCaiuBKCpCHpmWJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuBKCpCHpmWJ","pdf",1563953,26,"English","# Understanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools\n## Research questions and data\n## Key findings on disciplinary gaps\n## Explanations and decomposition approach","[{\"question\":\"What data and timeframe does the study use?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses Indiana statewide student-level panel data for public school students from prekindergarten through 12th grade, covering 2008–2009 through 2013–2014.\"},{\"question\":\"How do Black-White discipline gaps change across grades?\",\"answer\":\"The Black-White disciplinary gaps emerge as early as prekindergarten and widen with grade progression across multiple discipline outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What explains the discipline gap, according to the article’s analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The article uses a decomposition technique showing empirical support for the hypothesis that Black students nonrandomly sort into more punitive disciplinary environments, and it also assesses attenuation after controlling for covariates.\"}]","Understanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools | PDF",1792070498,66]