[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590816-105":59,"doc-detail-590816-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","understanding-the-needs-of-children-with-incarcerated-parents-what-educators-should-know","Understanding the Needs of Children with Incarcerated Parents - What Educators Should Know","","The article examines how the growing incarceration rate in the United States affects children’s educational outcomes, emphasizing that parental imprisonment extends beyond the incarcerated adults to children in families, communities, and schools. It outlines the scale of children exposed, highlights disparities by race/ethnicity, parental education, and neighborhood disadvantage, and explains why incarceration functions as a distinct adverse childhood experience. Guidance is provided for educators on understanding and supporting this student population.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-the-needs-of-children-with-incarcerated-parents-what-educators-should-know/590816/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-the-needs-of-children-with-incarcerated-parents-what-educators-should-know/590816.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How many children are affected by parental incarceration in the United States?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"About 2.7 million children under age 18 have a mother or father incarcerated in local jail, state prison, or federal prison. Many more children experience it over their lifetimes as most incarcerated people are eventually released.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What factors make some children more likely to experience parental incarceration?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Exposure is more common among children of color, among children whose parents have low educational attainment, and among children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Race/ethnicity and geographic variation also shape risk levels.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Why does parental incarceration interfere with children’s educational opportunities and outcomes?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Parental incarceration is an adverse childhood experience involving the removal of a parent from the household and routine, often alongside other stressors. Stigma, trauma, isolation, and reduced support can limit social interactions and impede educational progress.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},590816,1792079635,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":142,"read_time":46},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Understanding the Needs of Children with Incarcerated Parents  \nWhat Educators Should Know  \nILLUSTRATIONS BY AFT STAFF, PHOTOGRAPHS BY I STOCKPHOTO .COM  \nBy Kristin Turney  \nThe incarceration rate in the United States has increased  \ndramatically in the past half century. In 1970, about 100  \nout of every 100,000 individuals in the United States were confined in prison. Today, that number is five times as  \nlarge, with nearly 500 out of every 100,000 individuals confined in prison. This rate increase is especially striking among poorly educated men of color living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.1  \nIt is perhaps not surprising that confinement in jail or prison has deleterious consequences for currently and formerly incarcerated adults. Incarcerated individuals generally arrive in jail or prison with relatively low educational skills and low educational attainment. And, though there are sometimes ways to engage in educational opportunities while incarcerated (e.g., via training programs or opportunities to receive a GED), individuals experience barriers to engaging in additional educational opportunities upon their release.2 In an era where incarceration is both common and unequally distributed across the population, concentrated among some of the most vulnerable citizens, incarceration has likely exacerbated race/ethnic and social class inequalities in  \nKristin Turney is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology atthe University of California, Irvine, and a seniorfellow of the University of California Criminal Justice and Health Consortium.  \neducational attainment among American adults.3  \nBut incarceration is not only consequential for those who churn through the criminal justice system. It also affects those in their family and personal lives, including parents, romantic partners, and sons and daughters. The majority of incarcerated individuals have at least one child.4 Therefore, the increase in the U.S. incarceration rate means that an increasing number of children—and a substantial number of children—experience the incarceration of a parent at some point in childhood or adolescence. Research shows that parental incarceration negatively affects children’s educational outcomes and opportunities.  \nChildren’s Exposure to Parental Incarceration  \nCurrently, an estimated 2.7 million children—or 1 in 28 of those under the age of 18—have a biological mother or father who is incarcerated in a local jail, state prison, or federal prison. And, given that most individuals are eventually released from confinement, back to their families and communities, even more children will experience the incarceration of a parent over the course of their lives. Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study—a longitudinal study of nearly 5,000 U.S. children born in urban areas around the turn of the century—show that, by age 9, about one-third of children experience the incarceration of a biological father and about one-tenth of children experience the incarceration of a biological mother.5  \n22 AMERICAN EDUCATOR | SUMMER 2019  \nImportantly, not all children are equally likely to experience parental incarceration. Parental incarceration is more common among children of color (compared with white children), among children of parents with low educational attainment (compared with children of parents with high educational attainment), and among children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (compared with children living in advantaged neighborhoods) .  \nConsider differences in exposure to parental incarceration by race and ethnicity. Recent estimates suggest that by age 17, 24 percent of black children, 11 percent of Hispanic children, and 4 percent of white children will experience parental incarceration. Among children of parents without a high school diploma, 62 percent of black children are exposed to parental incarceration, compared with 17 percent of Hispanic children and 15 percent of white children. There is also r","cbCaihut3ft19PI0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihut3ft19PI0","pdf",231620,"English","# Understanding the Needs of Children with Incarcerated Parents\n## Children’s Exposure to Parental Incarceration\n## Why Might Parental Incarceration Impede Children’s Educational Opportunities and Outcomes?","[{\"question\":\"How many children are affected by parental incarceration in the United States?\",\"answer\":\"About 2.7 million children under age 18 have a mother or father incarcerated in local jail, state prison, or federal prison. Many more children experience it over their lifetimes as most incarcerated people are eventually released.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors make some children more likely to experience parental incarceration?\",\"answer\":\"Exposure is more common among children of color, among children whose parents have low educational attainment, and among children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Race/ethnicity and geographic variation also shape risk levels.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does parental incarceration interfere with children’s educational opportunities and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Parental incarceration is an adverse childhood experience involving the removal of a parent from the household and routine, often alongside other stressors. Stigma, trauma, isolation, and reduced support can limit social interactions and impede educational progress.\"}]","Understanding the Needs of Children with Incarcerated Parents - What Educators Should Know | PDF",1792070481]