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It describes responses to foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and outlines how failure can lead to diseases including allergy, autoimmune disorders, and other immune-related conditions. The booklet also introduces core concepts like antigens, epitopes, immune cells, and genetic markers such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that guide recognition and rejection.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-the-immune-system-nih-publication/568864/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-the-immune-system-nih-publication/568864.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Margaret","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. 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They determine which antigens an individual can recognize, and their polymorphic variation helps explain why transplants are often identified as foreign and rejected.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},568864,1792288554,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137451207643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","NATIONAL  \nINSTITUTES OFHEALTHNational CancerInstitute  \nUnderstanding theImmune System  \nThis booklet is a collaboration of the National Institute ofAllergy and Infectious Diseases and the National CancerInstitute.  \nFor sharing their invaluable expertise,special thanks to:  \n● Thomas A.Waldmann,M.D.National Cancer Institute  \n● Ronald H.Schwartz,M.D.,Ph.D.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases  \nU.S.DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH ANDHUMAN SERVICES  \nPublic Health Service  \nNational Institutesof Health  \nUnderstanding theImmune System  \nby Lydia Woods Scbindler  \nNIH Publication No.93-529Revised January 1993  \nContents  \nIntroduction 1Selfand Nonself 1  \nGenes and the Markers of Self 2The Anatomy of the Immune System 3  \nThe Cells and Secretions of the Immune System 5Lympbocytes 5  \nB Cells and Antibodies 6T Cells and Lymphokines 7NaturalKiller Cells 8  \nPbagocytes,Granulocytes,and Their Relatives 8Complement 10  \nA Billion Antibodies 12A Web of Idiotypes 13  \nMounting an Immune Response 14Receptors for Recognizing Antigen 15Immunity,Natural and Acquired 18Vaccines Through Biotechnology 19Disorders of the Immune System 20Allergy,20  \nAutoimmune Diseases 21Immune Complex Diseases 22Immunodeficiency Diseases 23Cancers of the Immune System 24Bone Marrow Transplants 24Immunology and Transplants 25But a Fetus Is Not Rejected 25Immunity and Cancer 26  \nThe Immune System and the Nervous System 27Frontiers in Immunology 28Hybridoma Technology 28The SCID Mouse 31Genetic Engineering 31The Stem Cell 33Immunoregulation 33  \nGlossary 34  \nIntroduction  \nSelfand Nonself  \n# Understanding the Immune System\n\nThe immune system is a complex network of specialized cellsand organs that has evolved to defend the body against attacksby “foreign”invaders.When functioning properly it fights offinfections by agents such as bacteria,viruses,fungi,andparasites.When it malfunctions,however,it can unleash atorrent of diseases,from allergy to arthritis to cancer to AIDS.  \nThe immune system evolved because we live in a sea ofmicrobes.Like man,these organisms are programmed toperpetuate themselves.The human body provides an idealhabitat for many of them and they try to break in;because thepresence of these organisms is often harmful,the body's immunesystem will attempt to bar their entry or,failing that,to seek outand destroy them.  \nThe immune system,which equals in complexity theintricacies of the brain and nervous system,displays severalremarkable characteristics.It can distinguish between \"self\"and\"nonself.\"It is able to remember previous experiences and reactaccordingly:Once you have had chicken pox,your immunesystem will prevent you from getting it again.The immunesystem displays both enormous diversity and extraordinaryspecificity:Not only is it able to recognize many millions ofdistinctive nonself molecules,it can produce molecules and cellsto match up with and counteract each one of them.And it has atits command a sophisticated array of weapons.  \nThe success of this system in defending the body relies on anincredibly elaborate and dynamic regulatory-communicationsnetwork.Millions and millions of cells,organized into sets andsubsets,pass information back and forth like clouds of beesswarming around a hive.The result is a sensitive system ofchecks and balances that produces an immune response that isprompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.  \nAt the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguishbetween self and nonself.Virtually every body cell carriesdistinctive molecules that identify it as self.  \nThe body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissuesthat carry a self marker.Rather,immune cells and other bodycells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.Butwhen immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carryingmolecules that say \"foreign,\"the immune troops move quickly toeliminate the intruders.  \nAny substance capable of triggering an immune response iscalled an antigen.An antigen can be a virus,a bacteri","cbCaie3XQTVI2Zeh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie3XQTVI2Zeh","pdf",3802598,48,"English","# Introduction\n## Self and Nonself\n## Genes and the Markers of Self","[{\"question\":\"How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself?\",\"answer\":\"Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. Immune defenses normally avoid attacking tissues with a self marker, but act quickly when they encounter molecules labeled as foreign.\"},{\"question\":\"What is an antigen and how does it trigger an immune response?\",\"answer\":\"An antigen is any substance capable of triggering an immune response, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or parts of them. It signals foreignness through characteristic shapes called epitopes that stimulate immune recognition.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play?\",\"answer\":\"MHC molecules are encoded by genes within a specific chromosome region. They determine which antigens an individual can recognize, and their polymorphic variation helps explain why transplants are often identified as foreign and rejected.\"}]","Understanding the Immune System - NIH Publication | PDF",1791872711,121]