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It reviews how official data sources approximate real rates, noting reporting and bias limitations, and examines implications for crime prevention, alongside community characteristics that shape recorded offending.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-and-preventing-indigenous-offending-brief-9-december-2010/206183/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-and-preventing-indigenous-offending-brief-9-december-2010/206183.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the brief say about Indigenous over-representation in offending?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Indigenous over-representation is identified as the most significant social justice and public policy issue for criminal justice systems. The brief reports that the gap is particularly acute for injury-intent acts, public order offences, offences against justice, and unlawful entry.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which data sources does the brief rely on when examining offending patterns?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The brief relies on official sources such as reported crime and people charged, convicted, or imprisoned. It also notes that these sources do not capture undetected or unreported offences, so they only approximate real rates.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What key limitations affect the statistics in official data collections?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Recorded statistics are influenced by police resource distribution, diversion options availability, and discretion by police, prosecutors, and the judiciary. 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Closing the gap on Indigenous overrepresentation has been identified asa priority and promoted through the National Indigenous Law and Justice Framework and Reducing Offending by Māori Project (SCAG 2009; Yeboah 2000) . This research brief reports on the data available regarding Indigenous offending patterns, and finds that overrepresentation is particularly acute with regard to acts intended to cause injury, public order offences, offences against justice and unlawful entry. Like other offenders, Indigenous offenders are very likely to be male, substance abusers, unemployed and poor. The legacies of colonisation, dispossession and child removal policies, such as psychological distress and social disorganisation, also appear to be risk factors. The implications of these findings for crime prevention are examined.  \nIn examining offending patterns, this paper relies on official sources of data such as reported crime and people charged, convicted or imprisoned. Indigenous Australians aged 10 andover were 7.5 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be charged by police during 2008-09 (ABS 2010a) . Indigenous young people aged 10 to 17 were 14.2 times more likely than non-Indigenous to be under community based supervision and 20.7 times more likely to be in detention during 2007-08  \n(AIHW 2009) . Indigenous adults were 13.9 times more likely to be imprisoned during 2009 (ABS 2010b) . Māori were 6.7 times more likely than non-Māori tobe convicted and 12.0 times more likely to be sentenced to detention during 2008 (Statistics New Zealand 2010) .  \nThese official sources do not include undetected or unreported offences, and therefore only approximate real rates of offending. The statistics are affected by the distribution of police resources, availability of diversionary options, and use of discretion by police, prosecutorsand the judiciary, and may reflect director systemic bias (Cunneen 2006; Fergusson, Horwood & Swain-Campbell 2003) . Such biases involve apparently neutral laws, policies or practices being applied in an unfair or uneven manner and result in adverse outcomes for Indigenous people.  \nCharacteristics of Indigenous communities also affect recorded rates of offending. For example, some Indigenous communities traditionally socialise in public space, which increases interaction with police and the potential for negative outcomes.  \nThis caveat is particularly relevant to public order offences, where overrepresentation of Indigenous people is very high. On the other hand sociohistorical influences may result in distrust of government, reducing the willingness of individuals to report offences (Jones, Masters, Griffiths & Moulday, 2002) . Ideally, official data collections would be supplemented by surveys to give a more comprehensive picture of  \noffending. However Australian surveys (NATSIS and NATSISS, discussed further below) do not ask respondents about undetected offending, but only if they have been charged, arrested or imprisoned.  \nOffence profiles  \nTwo national data collections provide information about the principal offence charged by police for people aged 10 and over during 2008-09 and adults incarcerated on 30 June 2009 (ABS 2010a; 2010b) . Data on police charges only relate to New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory because of concerns about data quality in the other jurisdictions. Offences charged by penalty/infringement notices were excluded, many of which related to public order and traffic offences. The focus on principal offence results i","cbCaie95eh4d3cLe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie95eh4d3cLe","pdf",931933,"English","# Introduction\n## Offence profiles\n## Homicide and related offences\n## Acts intended to cause injury","[{\"question\":\"What does the brief say about Indigenous over-representation in offending?\",\"answer\":\"Indigenous over-representation is identified as the most significant social justice and public policy issue for criminal justice systems. The brief reports that the gap is particularly acute for injury-intent acts, public order offences, offences against justice, and unlawful entry.\"},{\"question\":\"Which data sources does the brief rely on when examining offending patterns?\",\"answer\":\"The brief relies on official sources such as reported crime and people charged, convicted, or imprisoned. It also notes that these sources do not capture undetected or unreported offences, so they only approximate real rates.\"},{\"question\":\"What key limitations affect the statistics in official data collections?\",\"answer\":\"Recorded statistics are influenced by police resource distribution, diversion options availability, and discretion by police, prosecutors, and the judiciary. The brief also notes potential systemic bias from apparently neutral laws and practices being applied unevenly.\"}]","Understanding and preventing Indigenous offending - Brief 9, December 2010 | PDF"]