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The material covers crocodilian attack context, emphasizing the saltwater crocodile’s scale, range, and history from broader distribution to modern recovery and regional declines. It summarizes reported attack trends in the 21st century, Indonesia’s high attack numbers, and study methods including species identification, spatial classification across Indonesian provinces, and data sourcing from CrocAttack.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-and-mitigating-saltwater-crocodile-attacks-on-humans-in-indonesia/270753/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-and-mitigating-saltwater-crocodile-attacks-on-humans-in-indonesia/270753.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-18","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why focus on the saltwater crocodile in Indonesia?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The material highlights the saltwater crocodile as the widest-ranging and largest extant crocodilian, with Indonesia reporting the highest number of attacks. In many regions it is considered the most likely culprit.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the document describe changes in saltwater crocodile distribution over time?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It outlines a historically much wider range, extinctions in China and Seychelles before the 20th century, and later hide-hunting after World War II. Protective measures in the late 20th century and uneven recoveries in current areas are also noted.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What methods are used to analyze attacks and identify species?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study uses data sourced from CrocAttack and compiles from multiple sources. It performs species identification when other crocodiles may be involved and applies spatial classification by province into seven geographic regions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},270753,1789456551,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","Understanding and mitigating saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks on humans in Indonesia  \nBrandon M. Sideleau, Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University  \n01 · Introduction  \nCrocodilian attacks  \n• Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus): 1,318 deaths  \n• Nile crocodile (C. niloticus): 818 deaths  \n• Mugger crocodile (C. palustris): 329 deaths  \n96.5%  \nThree species  \n02 · Introduction  \nSaltwater crocodile  \n• Largest extant crocodilian species.  \n• Capable of exceeding 6 metres in length in exceptional cases .  \n• Common name misleading.  \n• Seafaring capabilities.  \n• Widest-ranging crocodilian species.  \n03 · Introduction  \nHistorical distribution  \n• Much wider historical range .  \n• Extinctions in China and Seychelles pre-20th century.  \n• Post-World War II hide-hunting.  \n• Protective measures in late 20th century.  \n04 · Introduction  \nCurrent distribution  \n• Substantial recoveries in some areas .  \n• Modest or unknown recoveries in others .  \n• Extinct in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam.  \n• Situation dire in mainland Asia.  \n05 · Introduction  \nSaltwater crocodile attacks  \n• Reports of attacks have increased dramatically in 21 st century.  \n• India, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste .  \n• Indonesia has reported the highest number of attacks .  \n06 · Methods  \nStudy area  \n• Fourth most populous nation.  \n• More than half in Java .  \n• 8.6% below the poverty line, higher in rural areas .  \n• Rural population lacks Water Sanitation and Hygiene (W.A.S.H.) infrastructure .  \n• Depend on natural waterways .  \n07 · Methods  \nData collection  \n• All data sourced from CrocAttack ( [crocattack.org](crocattack.org) ).  \n• Compiled from a variety of sources .  \n• Mandatory information.  \n• Preferred information.  \n08 · Methods  \nSpecies identification  \n• In many areas saltwater crocodile only possible culprit.  \n• Sunda gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) in 10 provinces.  \n• New Guinea freshwater crocodile (C. novaeguineae) in 2 provinces.  \n• Siamese crocodile (C. siamensis) not believed to overlap.  \n09 · Methods  \nSpatial classification  \n• 34 provinces split up into seven geographic regions:  \n• Sumatra (10 provinces)  \n• Kalimantan (5 provinces)  \n• Sulawesi (6 provinces)  \n• Maluku Islands (2 provinces)  \n• Lesser Sunda Islands (2 provinces)  \n• Papua (2 provinces)*  \n• Java (2 provinces)*  \n• Papua provinces based on pre-2022 divisions.  \n• Attacks were reported from only 2 Javan provinces.","cbCaihwwZDnHow8j","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihwwZDnHow8j","pdf",3858096,36,"English","# Introduction\n## Crocodilian attacks\n## Saltwater crocodile\n## Historical distribution\n## Current distribution\n## Saltwater crocodile attacks\n# Methods\n## Study area\n## Data collection\n## Species identification\n## Spatial classification","[{\"question\":\"Why focus on the saltwater crocodile in Indonesia?\",\"answer\":\"The material highlights the saltwater crocodile as the widest-ranging and largest extant crocodilian, with Indonesia reporting the highest number of attacks. In many regions it is considered the most likely culprit.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document describe changes in saltwater crocodile distribution over time?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines a historically much wider range, extinctions in China and Seychelles before the 20th century, and later hide-hunting after World War II. Protective measures in the late 20th century and uneven recoveries in current areas are also noted.\"},{\"question\":\"What methods are used to analyze attacks and identify species?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses data sourced from CrocAttack and compiles from multiple sources. It performs species identification when other crocodiles may be involved and applies spatial classification by province into seven geographic regions.\"}]","Understanding and Mitigating Saltwater Crocodile Attacks on Humans in Indonesia | PDF",91]