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This narrative literature review synthesizes studies published from 2000 to 2024 across psychology, education, public health, and law, including global and Indonesian contexts. Bullying is linked to individual traits, family dynamics, and school and cultural influences, and is explained by social learning and attachment theories as well as stress-related neurobiological dysregulation. Legal frameworks and multilevel interventions such as mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral play therapy, and whole-school programs are emphasized.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/understanding-and-addressing-bullying-in-children-and-adolescents/459481/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/understanding-and-addressing-bullying-in-children-and-adolescents/459481.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What forms of bullying are discussed in this review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review describes physical, verbal, relational, sexual, and cyber bullying involving perpetrators, victims, and bully-victims.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What factors are proposed to contribute to bullying behavior?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Bullying is attributed to a combination of individual traits (impulsivity, poor emotional regulation), family dynamics (insecure attachment, low cohesion), and school and cultural influences.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which interventions are presented as effective for reducing bullying?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review highlights mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children, cognitive-behavioral play therapy, and school-based programs such as KiVa and Olweus, alongside whole-school approaches with anti-bullying policies and teacher and parental involvement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},459481,1790794050,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},687207024478,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","REVIEW ARTICLE  \nJ Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2026;37(1):51-62 [https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.250040](https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.250040)  \neISSN 2233-9183  \nUnderstanding and Addressing Bullying in Children and Adolescents  \nClarabella Sabrina Harsono1,2 and Nining Febriyana1,2  \n1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia 2Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine – Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia  \nBullying among children and adolescents is a complex and widespread problem with profound psychological, social, and legal implications. It includes physical, verbal, relational, sexual, and cyber forms involving perpetrators, victims, and bully-victims. This narrative literature review synthesizes findings from studies published between 2000 and 2024 across disciplines including psychology, education, public health, and law. Data were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on global and Indonesian contexts. Bullying arises from a combination of individual traits (e.g., impulsivity and poor emotional regulation), family dynamics (e.g., insecure attachment and low cohesion), and school and cultural influences. Theoretical frameworks such as the social learning and attachment theories help explain how bullying behaviors are learned and reinforced. Neurobiologically, bullying acts as a chronic stressor that dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thereby increasing the vulnerability to anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorders. Legally, many countries, including Indonesia, have implemented child protection laws that emphasize restorative justice. Interventions such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children, Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy, and school-based programs such as KiVa and Olweus have effectively reduced bullying and promoted psychosocial well-being. Addressing bullying requires a comprehensive multilevel approach that integrates psychological, educational, familial, and legal strategies. Sustainable and culturally relevant interventions supported by collaboration among schools, families, and policymakers are crucial for fostering safe and supportive environments forchildren and adolescents.  \nKeywords: Adolescent; Bullying; Child; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Play therapy; Psychotherapy.  \nReceived: July 17, 2025 / Revised: September 1, 2025 / Accepted: November 13, 2025  \nAddress for correspondence: Nining Febriyana, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Prof. DR. Moestopo No. 6-8, Gubeng District, Surabaya City, East Java Province 60286, Indonesia  \nTel: +62-031-5912564, E-mail: [dr.nining.febriyana@gmail.com](dr.nining.febriyana@gmail.com)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nBullying during childhood and adolescence is a significant global public health issue with profound consequences across physical, psychological, and social domains. It impacts victims, perpetrators, and those who occupy both roles, often leading to long-term effects that persist into adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes bullying as a major concern, with its outcomes influenced by factors such as frequency, severity, type, role, and timing [1].  \nIn Indonesia, the Child Protection Commission (KPAI) reported 2473 cases of bullying between 2011 and 2019, indicating an upward trend. According to UNICEF (2020), 41% of 15-year-olds experience bullying at least once a month, and 45% of individuals aged 14–24 years experience cyberbullying, with a higher prevalence among males. Victims com-  \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nmonly experience anxiety,","cbCaiexOTEB89iq4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiexOTEB89iq4","pdf",441078,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Definition of Bullying and Bullying Perpetrators","[{\"question\":\"What forms of bullying are discussed in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes physical, verbal, relational, sexual, and cyber bullying involving perpetrators, victims, and bully-victims.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors are proposed to contribute to bullying behavior?\",\"answer\":\"Bullying is attributed to a combination of individual traits (impulsivity, poor emotional regulation), family dynamics (insecure attachment, low cohesion), and school and cultural influences.\"},{\"question\":\"Which interventions are presented as effective for reducing bullying?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children, cognitive-behavioral play therapy, and school-based programs such as KiVa and Olweus, alongside whole-school approaches with anti-bullying policies and teacher and parental involvement.\"}]","Understanding and Addressing Bullying in Children and Adolescents | PDF",1790756013]