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This study uses a unique dataset of over 2,000 randomly selected instructors across three large U.S. public universities to compare domestic and international faculty grading behaviors, identify contributing demographic and institutional factors, and test variation across key subgroups. Results show international instructors grade lower on average, with part of the gap linked to departmental concentration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/undergraduate-grading-practices-of-international-and-domestic-faculty-evidence-from-three-large-us-public-universities/590270/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/undergraduate-grading-practices-of-international-and-domestic-faculty-evidence-from-three-large-us-public-universities/590270.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central focus of the study on undergraduate grading practices?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examines how undergraduate grading practices differ between domestic and international instructors and which demographic, classroom, and departmental factors explain those differences.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What dataset and scope does the research use?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It analyzes a unique dataset of over 2,000 randomly selected instructors from three large U.S. public universities.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main result does the study report about grading levels?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"International instructors grade lower than domestic instructors on average, with the difference about 35% of a standard deviation lower.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590270,1792171914,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–22 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584241267910  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nUndergraduate Grading Practices of International and Domestic Faculty: Evidence From Three Large U.S. Public Universities  \nTrang Pham  \nSingapore University of Social Sciences  \nStephanie Potochnick  \nUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte  \nGiven the prominence of international instructors in higher education, understanding their grading practices is essential for informing college grading debates. This first large-scale assessment of undergraduate grading practices highlights how different demographic, classroom and departmental factors shape international instructors’grading behaviors. Using a unique dataset of over 2,000 randomly selected instructors from three public universities, we examine (a) whether undergraduatelevel grading practices differ between domestic and international instructors,(b) what factors contribute to the differences, and (c) whether the differences vary across key subgroups. We find that international instructors grade lower than domestic instructors—about 35% of a standard deviation lower on average. Part of this gap is explained by the concentration of international instructors in particular departments. International instructor grading practices differ across regions of origin, prior  \nU.S. higher education experience, gender, and race. Our results provide insights into U.S. college grading debates and supporting the international instructor workforce.  \nKeywords: grading behaviors, grading practices, international faculty grading behaviors, higher education grading practices  \nDebates about grade inflation and grade equity in U.S. colleges have intensified the focus on instructor grading practices, highlighting the significant impact that grades have on higher education institutions, students, and instructors. Recent controversies surrounding the firing of college instructors over grading practices (e.g., Quinn, 2023; Saul, 2022) demonstrate the challenges that academic institutions face as they struggle to address both rampant grade inflation (Denning et al., 2022; Rojstaczer & Healy, 2012) and discriminatory and unfair grading practices (E. S. Park et al., 2021; J. J. Park et al., 2020) . For students, the impact of grades extends well beyond the classroom. Grades determine their eligibility for scholarships, educational opportunities (e.g., clubs/sports, internships), graduation, and can strongly shape future career prospects. For instructors, the grades that they assign can impact their job performance evaluations and opportunities for career advancement (Ginther & Kahn, 2006; Isely & Singh, 2005) .  \nGiven the broad importance of college grades, research has begun to examine how instructor characteristics and work-related pressures influence grading practices. To date,  \nresearch finds that instructor grading practices often differ based on the gender, race, and position rank (e.g., adjunct, pre-tenure) of instructors (Jewell & McPherson, 2012; Ran & Xu, 2019) . These differences are partly due to differential work pressures (e.g., job security) and classroom contexts (e.g., class size) (Franz, 2010; Griffith & Sovero, 2021) . But they also reflect differences in teaching philosophy, studentinstructor race and gender match, and department-specific grading norms (Harbatkin, 2021; Jewell et al., 2013; Joshi et al., 2018; Koedel, 2011) .  \nThough valuable, this research has yet to examine the grading practices of international instructors, a vital and culturally diverse segment of the U.S. higher education workforce. Although estimates of the size of the international instructor workforce differ based on the data source and definition used (nativity, citizenship, or v","cbCainodZb89OFRT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainodZb89OFRT","pdf",962716,22,"English","# Introduction\n# Background and Related Research\n# Study Design and Data\n# Findings and Implications","[{\"question\":\"What is the central focus of the study on undergraduate grading practices?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines how undergraduate grading practices differ between domestic and international instructors and which demographic, classroom, and departmental factors explain those differences.\"},{\"question\":\"What dataset and scope does the research use?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes a unique dataset of over 2,000 randomly selected instructors from three large U.S. public universities.\"},{\"question\":\"What main result does the study report about grading levels?\",\"answer\":\"International instructors grade lower than domestic instructors on average, with the difference about 35% of a standard deviation lower.\"}]","Undergraduate Grading Practices of International and Domestic Faculty - Evidence From Three Large U.S. Public Universities | PDF",1792069213,55]