[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112293-en":3,"doc-seo-112293-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112293,3848291630094,"Emma Wilson","https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Under Pressure - Integrating Online Dispute Resolution Platforms into Pre-insolvency Processes and Early Warning Tools to Save Distressed Small Businesses","“Under Pressure” examines how online dispute resolution (ODR) can be integrated into pre-insolvency processes to help preserve distressed small businesses, particularly amid the COVID-19 shock. The discussion connects ODR with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration, highlighting the value of using online tools to address disputes without in-person interaction. It also situates the approach within pre-insolvency reforms and early warning tools, showing how governments can strengthen regimes and improve outcomes for financially distressed firms.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \n| PERSPECTIVES\u003Cbr>presents emerging issues and ideas that call for action or rethinking by managers, administrators, and policymakers in organizations | ‘Under Pressure’: Integrating Online Dispute Resolution Platforms into Pre- | VIKALPA\u003Cbr>The Journal for Decision Makers 45(2) 79–92, 2020\u003Cbr>© 2020 Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Reprints and permissions:\u003Cbr>[in.sagepub.com/journals](in.sagepub.com/journals)permissions-india\u003Cbr>DOI: 10. 1177/0256090920941813 [journals.sagepub.com/home/vik](journals.sagepub.com/home/vik)\u003Cbr> |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  | insolvency Processes and Early Warning Tools to Save Distressed Small Businesses\u003Cbr>Antonia Menezes, Nina Mocheva, and Sagar Siva Shankar |  |\n| KEY WORDS\u003Cbr>DISPUTE\u003Cbr>RESOLUTION\u003Cbr>INSOLVENCY\u003Cbr>ODR\u003Cbr>ADR\u003Cbr>SME\u003Cbr>COVID-19\u003Cbr>EWT | Pressure pushing down on me\u003Cbr>Pressing down on you no man ask for\u003Cbr>Under pressure—that burns a building down\u003Cbr>Splits a family in two\u003Cbr>Puts people on streets\u003Cbr>—Mercury et al. (1981)\u003Cbr>This much-loved 1980s song has lyrics that could easily apply to small busi\u003Cbr>ness entrepreneurs in 2020. In the face of the unprecedented effects of the\u003Cbr>COVID-19 crisis on the global economy, small businesses are facing extraordinary pressures resulting in mass closures and job loss, particularly in sensitive sectors such as hospitality, travel, logistics, and tourism. In the USA alone, it is estimated that 30 million small business jobs have been lost with one-third of all US jobs remaining vulnerable (Dua et al., 2020) . In parallel, technology continues to shape the landscape of commercial and daily life within the existing realities of social distancing, including in the operation of courts, financial markets, and the way commercial disputes are resolved. Those who can access and leverage technologies are likely to have an advantage over others, including in terms of information, speed, and the cost of delivery of services.\u003Cbr>It is against this backdrop that an increasing interest in the form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (Box 1), generally referred to as online dispute resolution or ODR, has been noted. ODR primarily involves traditional ADR techniques |  |\n\nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution  \nNonCommercial 4.0 License ([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nVIKALPA • VOLUME 45 • ISSUE 2 • APRIL-JUNE 2020 79  \nand processes such as negotiation, mediation or arbitration, or a combination of different ADR processes, complemented by applying innovative techniques and online technologies to the process, sometimes involving multiple stakeholders, without the need of interaction in person and access to physical facilities. Even before COVID-19, in working with governments on policy reform in the insolvency and debt resolution space, a number of recent trends have been identified, which can potentially be addressed by ODR.  \nBox 1: Alternative Dispute Resolution  \nADR is commonly defined as any process or procedure for resolving a dispute other than adjudication by a judge in a statutory court. The term ADR encompasses a number of processes such as early neutral evaluation, negotiation,conciliation,mediation and arbitration, and can be provided by private institutions (ADR centres), courts (e.g., court-connected mediation programmes or multi-door courtrooms) or via public–private sector models (court-referral models) . A common feature of all ADR processes is the consensual nature of either opting for dispute resolution or d","cbCairajWy6Xm50j","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairajWy6Xm50j","pdf",968088,1,14,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Online dispute resolution and ADR foundations\n## Alternative dispute resolution overview\n# ODR for pre-insolvency and early intervention\n## Government adoption of pre-insolvency regimes\n## Early warning tools after the EU Insolvency Directive","[{\"question\":\"What does ODR mean in the context of pre-insolvency?\",\"answer\":\"ODR uses online technologies to apply ADR-like processes such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration to resolve disputes without in-person interaction, supporting early intervention before insolvency.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are pre-insolvency measures important for small businesses?\",\"answer\":\"Pre-insolvency focuses on addressing financial distress early to maximize the likelihood of business rescue, rather than waiting until a firm becomes insolvent.\"},{\"question\":\"How do early warning tools relate to the EU Insolvency Directive?\",\"answer\":\"The 2019 EU Insolvency Directive drives member states to adopt additional measures, including early warning tools, to identify businesses at risk of insolvency and enable timely 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