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Related literary works outline major influences such as The Odyssey and Hamlet and connect Ulysses to Joyce’s other landmark writings and critical 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period of James Joyce’s life is used to shape Stephen Dedalus?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Stephen Dedalus is based on Joyce’s experiences during the years Joyce struggled to survive in Dublin after returning to Ireland and before meeting Nora Barnacle.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why do modern readers need historical context to understand Ulysses?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Ulysses includes highly specific references to Irish history, Dublin’s geography, and turn-of-the-century culture that were familiar in Joyce’s time but may be unfamiliar to many contemporary non-Irish readers.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which earlier works are most important influences on Ulysses?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The text highlights Homer’s The Odyssey and Shakespeare’s Hamlet as the most important influences, along with Joyce’s broader allusions to Western 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LitCharts at www.litcharts.com)  \nUlysses  \nINTRODUCTION  \nBRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF JAMES JOYCE  \nJames Joyce grew up in a middle-class, nationalist, Catholic family in Dublin. He was the eldest of 12 siblings, and he saw his family gradually fall into poverty after his father declared bankruptcy and lost his job due to his alcoholism. Still, Joyce managed to attend two different private Jesuit schools, then goon to study English, French, and Italian at University College Dublin. In 1902, he moved to Paris to study medicine, hoping that a career as a doctor would give him the financial stability he needed to become a writer. This plan failed: Joyce quickly gave up on medicine and started spending all his time reading in the library instead. When his mother developed cancer, he had to return suddenly to Ireland. Since he no longer believed in God, he refused to pray at her deathbed. Over the next two years, he struggled to survive in Dublin and watched his family fall apart. The character of Stephen Dedalus is based on these years in Joyce’s life. On June 16, 1904—the day when Ulysses is set—Joyce met the chambermaid Nora Barnacle who would become his wife. A few months later, after Joyce got into a drunken fight in a Dublin park, a good-humored Jewish man named Alfred H. Hunter brought him home and took care of him. After this incident, Joyce briefly moved into the Sandycove Martello tower, but quickly departed after his roommate nearly shot him. He and Nora decided to leave Ireland forever. They first moved to Zurich, and then to Trieste, where Joyce taught English for most of the next decade. Joyce occasionally returned to Ireland, helped many of his siblings move to other parts of Europe, and tried (and failed) to start a number of businesses. He moved back to Zurich during WorldWar I and then on to Paris after the war, where he published Ulysses in 1922. Despite nearly going blind, he dedicated the rest of his life to writing Finnegans Wake. During World War II, he returned to Zurich, and he died there due to complications from a stomach surgery in 1941.  \nHISTORICAL CONTEXT  \nUlysses is full of extremely specific references to Irish history, Dublin’s geography, and turn-of-the-century culture, which would have been familiar to readers in Joyce’s time but are likely to be very foreign to 21st-century, non-Irish readers. In 1904, when Ulysses is set, Dublin was a fast-growing, diverse, but relatively poor colonial city of about 400,000 people. While Dublin was politically significant, due to Ireland’s situation as a British colony for more than 700 years, its small economy was based largely on agricultural exports and trade. Despite gaining slightly more power within the British Empire, Ireland  \nremained poor and underdeveloped throughout the 1800s. Millions of Irish people emigrated to the United States during this period, especially after over a million people died during the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1851. But in the late 1800s, a powerful group of organized Irish nationalists started to publicly rebel against the British and call for Irish independence. This movement—and especially its famous political leader, Charles Stewart Parnell—is a constant reference point throughout Ulysses. Thus, in Joyce’s time, Dublin was the capital of British rule in Ireland but also the capital of Irish nationalist resistance. These nationalists particularly focused on reviving rural Irish traditions, which Joyce repeatedly satirizes in Ulysses. Dublin was also a deeply religious city divided by an enduring conflict between a Catholic majority and an English-influenced Protestant minority. And the modern technologies changing the city—like tram cars, newspaper advertising, and photography—also make an appearance in Ulysses. Notably, most of the historical figures, places, and events mentioned in Ulysses are also real. Joyce even based the day’s news—the Ascot Gold Cup race an","cbCaijHxOOOvqQS1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijHxOOOvqQS1","pdf",2285935,179,"English","# Introduction\n## Brief Biography of James Joyce\n# Historical Context\n## Related Literary Works","[{\"question\":\"What period of James Joyce’s life is used to shape Stephen Dedalus?\",\"answer\":\"Stephen Dedalus is based on Joyce’s experiences during the years Joyce struggled to survive in Dublin after returning to Ireland and before meeting Nora Barnacle.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do modern readers need historical context to understand Ulysses?\",\"answer\":\"Ulysses includes highly specific references to Irish history, Dublin’s geography, and turn-of-the-century culture that were familiar in Joyce’s time but may be unfamiliar to many contemporary non-Irish readers.\"},{\"question\":\"Which earlier works are most important influences on Ulysses?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights Homer’s The Odyssey and Shakespeare’s Hamlet as the most important influences, along with Joyce’s broader allusions to Western literature.\"}]","Ulysses - introduction, historical context, and related works | PDF",1789949664,276]