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It argues that the crisis arises from a fundamental mismatch between assumptions in administrative law and the U.S. Constitution, including differing views on political actors’ motivations, human nature, rationality in decisionmaking, and executive lawmaking in democracy. Using comparisons to The Federalist Papers, it explains how administrative law’s legitimacy quest fails.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tyranny-and-administrative-law-article/639532/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tyranny-and-administrative-law-article/639532.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"acoobca","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How does the article define tyranny, and why does it matter for administrative agencies?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"It uses The Federalist Papers’ definition of tyranny as the accumulation of all powers in the same hands. Under that definition, the modern administrative agency can appear to qualify because it exercises legislative, executive, and judicial functions.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What does the article claim causes the legitimacy crisis of administrative law?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The crisis stems from an inherent conflict between the assumptions underlying administrative law and those embedded in the Constitution. These disagreements concern political motivations, human nature, rationality in decisionmaking, and the democratic role of executive lawmaking.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Does the article provide an originalist critique of administrative law?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"No. Instead of an originalist critique, it shows that administrative law’s legitimacy problem follows from its discontinuity with deep constitutional assumptions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},639532,1792704096,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},3985747870733,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","TYRANNY AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW  \nD.A. Candeub *  \nThe Federalist Papers define “tyranny” as “[t]he accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many.” This definition would seem to include the modern administrative agency, which exercises all three powers. To avoid tyrannical agencies and their illegitimate exercise of power, judges and academics look to administrative law. Its procedures and requirements, such as public comment, judicial review, agency reason-giving and deliberation, and executive oversight, saddle agencies with checks and balances and, therefore, legitimacy. Yet unease with the administrative state continues; indeed, it seems to be in a constant crisis of legitimacy, suggesting that administrative law’s quest for legitimacy has not succeeded.  \nThis Article argues that this crisis of legitimacy stems from the inherent conflict between the assumptions underlying those of administrative law and the Constitution. These sets of assumptions differ profoundly over political actors’motivations and human nature, rationality in political and administrative decisionmaking, and the role of executive lawmaking in a democracy. This Article compares The Federalist Papers and administrative law and scholarship to uncover those differences. But this Article does not engage in an “originalist”critique of administrative law. Instead, it shows that administrative law ’s crisis of legitimacy inevitably proceeds from its jarring discontinuity with deep assumptions underlying our constitutional structure.  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nINTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 50  \nI. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND TYRANNY ............................................................... 56  \nA. English Constitutional Precedent and the Administrative State ................... 58  \nB. Administration and the New Deal ................................................................ 63  \nII. THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE FRAMERS: CHECKS AND BALANCES AND SEPARATION OF POWERS ........................................................................................ 68  \nA. Checks and Balances and Human Psychology ............................................. 69  \nB. The Soul and the Mechanism of Separation of Powers ................................ 71  \n* I thank Michael Maahs, Barbara Bean, and H.W. Candeub for their excellent research and editorial assistance. Pro Julia omniafacio.  \nIII. CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CHECKS AND BALANCES ........................................................................................ 77  \nA. Legitimacy and Administrative Procedures ................................................. 78  \n1. Public Comment, Internal Agency Review, and Reconsideration............ 79  \n2. Administrative Procedures Facilitating Political Oversight ..................... 81  \n3. Judicial Review or Legislative Oversight................................................. 83  \nB. Agency Deliberation and Expertise .............................................................. 87  \nC. Tyranny and Separation of Powers ............................................................... 91  \nCONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 93  \nINTRODUCTION  \n“The natural progress of things is for liberty to yield, and government to gain ground.”1  \nThe Federalist Papers define “tyranny” as “[t]he accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many.”2 Under that definition, the modern administrative agency seems to qualify. Congress can delegate authority to agencies to write regulations and conduct adjudications with the vaguest of statutory directions. 3 Agencies have broad powers to determine their own jurisdiction.4 They can choose to create law  \n1. Lett","cbCaihdxdjeEn7k5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihdxdjeEn7k5","pdf",435699,46,"English","# Introduction\n# Administrative Law and Tyranny\n## English Constitutional Precedent and the Administrative State\n## Administration and the New Deal\n# The Assumptions of the Framers: Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers\n## Checks and Balances and Human Psychology\n## The Soul and the Mechanism of Separation of Powers\n# Constitutional and Administrative Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances\n## Legitimacy and Administrative Procedures\n### Public Comment, Internal Agency Review, and Reconsideration\n### Administrative Procedures Facilitating Political Oversight\n### Judicial Review or Legislative Oversight\n## Agency Deliberation and Expertise\n## Tyranny and Separation of Powers\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"How does the article define tyranny, and why does it matter for administrative agencies?\",\"answer\":\"It uses The Federalist Papers’ definition of tyranny as the accumulation of all powers in the same hands. Under that definition, the modern administrative agency can appear to qualify because it exercises legislative, executive, and judicial functions.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article claim causes the legitimacy crisis of administrative law?\",\"answer\":\"The crisis stems from an inherent conflict between the assumptions underlying administrative law and those embedded in the Constitution. These disagreements concern political motivations, human nature, rationality in decisionmaking, and the democratic role of executive lawmaking.\"},{\"question\":\"Does the article provide an originalist critique of administrative law?\",\"answer\":\"No. Instead of an originalist critique, it shows that administrative law’s legitimacy problem follows from its discontinuity with deep constitutional assumptions.\"}]","TYRANNY AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - Article | PDF",116]