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It explains why tutoring can be highly effective, especially where there are not enough professional teachers, and how rapidly expanding knowledge makes learners rely on more than formal instruction. The booklet also stresses that effectiveness depends on thoughtful design, clear tutor roles, careful monitoring, and ongoing adaptation to local educational and cultural conditions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tutoring-series-5-educational-practices-series/393988/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tutoring-series-5-educational-practices-series/393988.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aldword","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is tutoring in the booklet’s definition?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Tutoring is support for others’ learning provided by people who are not professional teachers, using an interactive, purposeful, and systematic approach.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the booklet say tutoring can be effective?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Research indicates tutoring can work well, particularly in settings where professional teachers are insufficient and learners cannot depend only on them.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What conditions does tutoring require to be effective?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It should be thoughtful, well structured, and carefully monitored, with tutors knowing clearly how they can help and how they should not help.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},393988,1790947119,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION  \nINTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION  \nTutoring  \nBy Keith Topping  \nEDUCATIONAL PRACTICES SER IES–5  \nThe International Academy of Education  \nThe International Academy of Education (IAE) is a not-forprofit scientific association that promotes educational research, its dissemination, and the implementation of its implications. Founded in 1986, the Academy is dedicated to strengthening the contributions of research, solving critical educational problems throughout the world, and providing better communication among policy-makers, researchers and practitioners. The seat of the Academy is at the Royal Academy of Science, Literature and Arts in Brussels, Belgium, and its co-ordinating centre is at Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia.  \nThe general aim of the IAE is to foster scholarly excellence in all fields of education. Towards this end, the Academy provides timely syntheses of research-based evidence of international importance. The Academy also provides critiques of research, its evidentiary basis, and its application to policy.  \nThe current members of the Board of Directors of the Academy are:  \n• Erik De Corte, University of Leuven, Belgium (President)  \n• Herbert Walberg, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America ( Vice President)  \n• Barry Fraser, Curtin University of Technology, Australia (Executive Director)  \n• Jacques Hallak, UNESCO, Paris, France  \n• Michael Kirst, Stanford University, United States of America  \n• Ulrich Teichler, University of Kassel, Germany  \n• Margaret Wang, Temple University, United States of America  \n[http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/smec/iae](http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/smec/iae)  \nSeries preface  \nThis booklet is about tutoring. Tutoring can be defined as people who are not professional teachers helping and supporting the learning of others in an interactive, purposeful and systematic way. Tutors could include parents or other adult carers, brothers and sisters, other students from the peer group, and various kinds of volunteers.  \nResearch shows tutoring can be highly effective. This is good news, since in some places in some countries there will never be enough professional teachers. In fact, knowledge is growing so fast that even in economically advanced countries, learners cannot rely only on professional teachers.  \nHowever, every attempt at tutoring is not automatically effective, everywhere. To be effective, tutoring needs to be thoughtful, well structured and carefully monitored. Tutors must be clear about how they can help, and how not.  \nPrinciples for effective tutoring are given in this booklet. Much of the booklet is written for tutors themselves. This is especially true of the ‘Practical applications’ parts of Chapters 1 to 7, discussing the first seven principles. Chapters 8 to 10 are aimed more at organizers of tutoring.  \nThis booklet has been prepared for inclusion in the Educational Practices Series developed by the International Academy of Education and distributed by the International Bureau of Education and the Academy. As part of its mission, the Academy provides timely syntheses of research on educational topics of international importance. This booklet is the fifth in the series on educational practices that generally improve learning.  \nThe author is Keith Topping, Director of the Centre for Paired Learning in the Department of Psychology at the University of Dundee in Scotland. The centre does research and development work in ‘intelligent systems for parent, peer and computer-assisted learning’. It designs and evaluates the effectiveness of methods of tutoring in many content and skill areas (for example, reading, writing, thinking, spelling, mathematics, science) for learners of all ages in many different contexts (for example, elementary school, high school, college or university, community lifelong learning, distance learning, the workplace) . Topping, a specialist in educational ","cbCaip51Y4hVz6En","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip51Y4hVz6En","pdf",174745,36,"English","# Introduction, page 6\n## 1. Real-life goals, page 9\n## 2. Question and prompt, page 11\n## 3. Check and correct er","[{\"question\":\"What is tutoring in the booklet’s definition?\",\"answer\":\"Tutoring is support for others’ learning provided by people who are not professional teachers, using an interactive, purposeful, and systematic approach.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the booklet say tutoring can be effective?\",\"answer\":\"Research indicates tutoring can work well, particularly in settings where professional teachers are insufficient and learners cannot depend only on them.\"},{\"question\":\"What conditions does tutoring require to be effective?\",\"answer\":\"It should be thoughtful, well structured, and carefully monitored, with tutors knowing clearly how they can help and how they should not help.\"}]","Tutoring - Series 5 - Educational Practices Series | PDF",1790397213,91]