[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-398683-105":59,"doc-detail-398683-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","tutorial-session-5-biochemical-identification-tests-for-bacteria","Tutorial session 5 - Biochemical identification tests for bacteria","","Tutorial session 5 explains how biochemical identification tests distinguish bacteria through metabolic characteristics and growth behavior in culture media. It introduces key principles such as turbidity changes for growth detection and pH indicator color shifts. The guide then details classical biochemical tests including catalase, mannitol motility, citrate, oxidase, TSI agar, gelatin hydrolysis, urease and indole tests, and decarboxylase reactions. Finally, it covers miniaturized API-type systems, including the strip principle, interpretation steps, and profile-code matching.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tutorial-session-5-biochemical-identification-tests-for-bacteria/398683/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tutorial-session-5-biochemical-identification-tests-for-bacteria/398683.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are biochemical identification tests important in bacterial diagnosis?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They help identify bacteria based on metabolic activities, supporting laboratory diagnosis of diseases and detection of contamination.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the catalase test determine a positive result?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It detects organisms producing catalase; oxygen bubble formation from hydrogen peroxide breakdown indicates a positive result.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the API miniaturized system identify bacterial species?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Incubation generates color changes for each microtube, which are recorded to form a profile number; that profile is then matched with a commercial codebook or online database.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},398683,1790805200,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Tutorial session 5: Biochemical identification tests for bacteria  \nIntroduction  \nBacterial identification is a critical step in laboratory diagnosis of diseases or contamination. A series of biochemical tests is used to identify bacteria based on their metabolic activities. A simple visual detection of the growth of the organism in the presence of essential nutrients by increased turbidity in the liquid medium is often used. In other tests, the results are based on the change in colour of the medium as a result of the change in its pH.  \nGenerally, a single biochemical test is insufficient to identify an unknown bacterium, but by combining multiple tests in a classical or miniaturized biochemical strip (e.g., API systems), precise species identification can be achieved.  \nConventional biochemical tests for respiratory, carbohydrate, or protein metabolism are routinely used in laboratories to differentiate or identify bacteria.  \nA. Classical biochemical tests  \nNumerous conventional biochemical tests are used in microbiology for bacterial identification. Among the most widely employed:  \n1. Catalase Test  \nThis test identifies organisms that produce the enzyme catalase. This enzyme detoxifies hydrogen peroxide by breaking it down into water and oxygen (2 H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2 H₂O). The formation of bubbles due to oxygen gas production clearly indicates a positive catalase result.  \n2. Mannitol-Motility test  \nThe mannitol motility medium is a combined medium used to determine three characteristics: mannitol fermentation, bacterial motility, and the presence of nitrate reductase.  \n• If the medium turns yellow: the bacterium is mannitol positive (+).  \n• If the medium remains red: the bacterium is mannitol negative (-).  \n• If the bacteria are motile, they will spread from the inoculation stab, creating turbidity in the medium. Otherwise, the bacterium is non-motile (growth only around the central stab).  \n3. Simmons' Citrate test  \nThis medium is used to demonstrate the ability of bacteria to utilize citrate asthe sole source of carbon and energy. Citrate is hydrolyzed into pyruvic acid and CO₂, which reacts with components of the medium to produce an alkaline compound. This causes the pH indicator (bromothymol blue) to change from green to blue.  \n4. Oxidase test  \nThis test identifies microorganisms containing the enzyme cytochrome oxidase (important in the electron transport chain). In the oxidase test, artificial electron donors and acceptors are provided. When the electron donor is oxidized by cytochrome oxidase, it turns dark purple.  \n5. Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar  \nThis medium contains glucose, sucrose, lactose, peptone, ferric ammonium citrate, and a sulfur source. It is widely used for identifying Enterobacteriaceae.  \nThe microbial strain first utilizes glucose, then sucrose or lactose in the second stage, and finally peptonesin the third stage. It may also produce hydrogen sulfide (H ₂S).  \n6. Gelatin hydrolysis test  \nThis test detects the ability of an organism to produce gelatinase (a proteolytic enzyme) that liquefies gelatin. Hydrolysis of gelatin indicates the presence of gelatinases.  \n7. Urease test  \nUrease detection is performed using Ferguson’s medium (Urea-Indole medium), which contains tryptophan, urea, and the pH indicator phenol red. This medium helps identify urease, tryptophan deaminase, and indole production (key traits for identifying Enterobacteriaceae ).  \n8. Indole Test  \nThe indole test determines the ability of bacteria to produce indole from tryptophan using various enzymes. Indole is detected in a bacterial culture by adding Kovacs’ reagent to the medium (often following the urease test).  \n9. Decarboxylase tests  \nThe decarboxylase test is used to identify a bacterium's ability to produce an enzyme called decarboxylase, which removes a carboxyl group (-COOH) from an amino acid (lysine, ornithine, or arginine), producing an amine and increasing the pH of the medium.  \na. In the first stage, th","cbCaimGuS7TfqMSO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimGuS7TfqMSO","pdf",616757,"English","# Introduction\n# A. Classical biochemical tests\n## Catalase Test\n## Mannitol-Motility test\n## Simmons' Citrate test\n## Oxidase test\n## Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar\n## Gelatin hydrolysis test\n## Urease test\n## Indole Test\n## Decarboxylase tests\n# B. Miniaturized API-type system","[{\"question\":\"Why are biochemical identification tests important in bacterial diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"They help identify bacteria based on metabolic activities, supporting laboratory diagnosis of diseases and detection of contamination.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the catalase test determine a positive result?\",\"answer\":\"It detects organisms producing catalase; oxygen bubble formation from hydrogen peroxide breakdown indicates a positive result.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the API miniaturized system identify bacterial species?\",\"answer\":\"Incubation generates color changes for each microtube, which are recorded to form a profile number; that profile is then matched with a commercial codebook or online database.\"}]","Tutorial session 5 - Biochemical identification tests for bacteria | PDF",1790488050]