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The contents address phonology topics such as vowel harmony, word stress, and intonation, then move to morphology including suffixation principles, derivation, inflectional suffixes, and noun compounds. The syntax section develops sentence types and core constituents, including verb phrases, noun phrases, clause structure, word order, questions, negation, tense/aspect/modality, and related constructions, supported by appendices, glossary, and index.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/turkish-a-comprehensive-grammar/140587/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/turkish-a-comprehensive-grammar/140587.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Clementine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-17","2026-08-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",18,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What topics are covered in the phonology section?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The phonology part explains phonological units, stem sound changes caused by suffixation, vowel harmony, word stress, and intonation and sentence stress.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What does the morphology section include?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It covers the principles of suffixation, word classes and derivational suffixes, inflectional suffixes, reduplication, noun compounds, and clitics.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which syntax topics are included in the sentence structure section?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The syntax section addresses simple and complex sentences, verb and noun phrases, adjectival constructions and determiners, adverbial constructions, postpositional phrases, pronouns, questions, negation, tense/aspect/modality, word order, and multiple types of clauses including relative and conditional sentences.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},140587,1787583146,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145},1374391974564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002","TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR  \nRoutledge Comprehensive Grammars  \nComprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages:  \nModern Written Arabic  \nCantonese  \nCatalan  \nChinese  \nDanish  \nDutch  \nGreek  \nIndonesian  \nJapanese  \nSlovene  \nSwedish  \nTurkish  \nUkrainian  \nModern Welsh  \nTitles of related interest  \nColloquial Turkish: A Complete Course for Beginners  \nJeroen Aarssen andAd Backus  \nDictionary of the Turkic Languages  \nKurtuluş Öztopçu, Zhoumagaly Abuov, Nasir Kambarov and Youssef Azemoun  \nTURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE  \nGRAMMAR  \nAslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake  \nLONDON AND NEW YORK  \nFirst published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York,  \nNY 10016  \nRoutledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group  \nThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.  \n“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to [http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/](http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/).”  \n© 2005 Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission  \nin writing from the publishers.  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from  \nthe British Library  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been applied for ISBN 0-203-34076-0 Master e-book ISBN  \nISBN 0-415-11494-2 (pbk)  \nISBN 0-415-21761-X (hbk)  \nCONTENTS  \nAcknowledgements vii  \nIntroduction viii  \nAbbreviations xvii  \nList of conventions observed in this book xx  \nThe Turkish alphabet and writing conventions xxii  \nPart 1  \nPhonology: the sound system  \n1  \n1 Phonological units  \n2 Sound changes produced in the stem by suffixation  \n3 Vowel harmony  \n4 Word stress  \n5 Intonation and sentence stress  \nPart 2 Morphology: the structure of words  \n6 Principles of suffixation  \n7 Word classes, derivation and derivational suffixes  \n8 Inflectional suffixes  \n9 Reduplication  \n10 Noun compounds  \n11 Clitics  \n3  \n14  \n21  \n26  \n35  \n41  \n43  \n49  \n65  \n90  \n94  \n100  \nPart 3  \nSyntax: the structure of sentences  \n107  \n12 Simple and complex sentences 109  \n13 The verb phrase 126  \n14 The noun phrase 144  \n15 Adjectival constructions, determiners and numerals 170  \n16 Adverbial constructions 189  \n17 Postpositional phrases 214  \n18 Pronouns 230  \n19 Questions 251  \n20 Negation 271  \n21 Tense, aspect and modality 283  \n22 Definiteness, specificity and generic reference 322  \n23 Word order 337  \n24 Noun clauses 351  \n25 Relative clauses 380  \n26 Adverbial clauses 399  \n27 Conditional sentences 419  \n28 Conjunctions, co-ordination and discourse connection 438  \nAppendix 1 Reduplicated stems 462  \nAppendix 2 Tense/aspect/modality suffixes 465  \nGlossary of grammatical terms 470  \nBibliography 480  \nIndex 484  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  \nThe present book would not have been in the form it is had it not been for the generous feedback of the following colleagues, friends and students, linguists and teachers and users of Turkish, who read and commented on parts of the manuscript: Didar Akar,Öznur Ayman, Ercan Balcı, Cem Çakır, Georgia Catsimali, Monik Charette, Ruth Christie, Ann Denwood, Dilek Elçin, Eser Erguvanlı-Taylan, Kate Fleet, Jorge Hankamer, Katerina Hardiman, Atakan İnce, Meltem Kelepir, Elisabeth Kendall, Wilfried Meyer-Viol, Mine Nakipoğlu-Demiralp and A. Sumru Özsoy. We are grateful to all these people for sparing the time to help us in this way.  \nWe owe special thanks to Ceyda Arslan for reading the whole manuscript meticulously. Her detailed and insightful corrections helped us avoid many errors.  \nDimitris Antoniou and Andras Ried","cbCaiv1z29Nb3UTw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv1z29Nb3UTw","pdf",3779200,535,"English","# Introduction\n## Turkish and its speakers\n# Contents\n## Phonology: the sound system\n## Morphology: the structure of words\n## Syntax: the structure of sentences\n## Appendix 1 Reduplicated stems\n## Appendix 2 Tense/aspect/modality suffixes\n## Glossary of grammatical terms\n## Bibliography\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"What topics are covered in the phonology section?\",\"answer\":\"The phonology part explains phonological units, stem sound changes caused by suffixation, vowel harmony, word stress, and intonation and sentence stress.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the morphology section include?\",\"answer\":\"It covers the principles of suffixation, word classes and derivational suffixes, inflectional suffixes, reduplication, noun compounds, and clitics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which syntax topics are included in the sentence structure section?\",\"answer\":\"The syntax section addresses simple and complex sentences, verb and noun phrases, adjectival constructions and determiners, adverbial constructions, postpositional phrases, pronouns, questions, negation, tense/aspect/modality, word order, and multiple types of clauses including relative and conditional sentences.\"}]","TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR | PDF",1348]