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For oral cancer, it is approved in late-stage cases when resection is not feasible or fails, where recurrences and metastasis are common. Evidence supports first-line use to shrink tumours via an elicited immune response, potentially improving long-term outcomes, but effective treatment must be site-specific and personalized. This review focuses on immune evasion mechanisms and their relevance as immunotherapy targets in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tumour-microenvironment-as-a-potential-immune-therapeutic-target-for-tongue-cancer-management/385235/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tumour-microenvironment-as-a-potential-immune-therapeutic-target-for-tongue-cancer-management/385235.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is immunotherapy considered important in tongue cancer management?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Immunotherapy can produce durable responses and, in oral cancer, may be useful when surgery cannot be performed or has failed. Evidence also suggests first-line immunotherapy can elicit immune responses that shrink tumours.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limitation exists in applying immunotherapy uniformly to oral cancer patients?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Effective immunotherapy requires a site-specific personalized approach rather than a uniform protocol for all oral cancer patients.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the focus of this review article?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review discusses immune evasive mechanisms used by tumour cells and explains how these mechanisms can serve as potential targets for immunotherapy in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},385235,1790787945,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","| Review Article |  |\n| --- | --- |\n|  |  |\n| Tumour Microenvironment as a Potential Immune Therapeutic Target for Tongue Cancer Management\u003Cbr>Mahija Janardhanan1, Smitha NV2, Rajalakshmi G3, Antony George4, Manzoor Koyakutty5, Subramania Iyer3\u003Cbr>1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, 2 Department of Pathology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Kochi, Kerala, 3 Head and Neck Oncology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 4 Department of Oral Pathology, MES Dental College, Malappuram, Kerala, 5Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India |  |\n|  |  |\n| Abstract \u003Cbr>Immunotherapy is a promising approach in the management of human cancers and has been proven to provide a durable response in many cancers. It is helpful as an adjuvant therapy for cancers and at present is considered as a fourth pillar supporting surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the treatment of oral cancer, immunotherapy is approved in late‑stage diseases where surgical resection cannot be carried out or fails, leading to recurrences and metastasis. Evidences suggest that when given as a first‑line treatment, it can elicit an immune response that shrinks tumours, which could provide long‑term benefit for patients. But unlike the traditional approach which follows the uniform protocol for all oral cancer patients, effective immunotherapy requires a more site‑specific personalized approach. The aim of this paper is to review the various immune evasive mechanisms adopted by tumour cells and their relevance as potential targets for immunotherapy in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Immune modulation, MDSCs, PD‑1/PD‑L1, TAM, TIM‑3, tongue cancer, Tregs |  |\n| Address for correspondence: Dr. Subramania Iyer, Department, Head and Neck Oncology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala ‑ 682 041, India.\u003Cbr>E‑mail: [subu.amrita@gmail.com](subu.amrita@gmail.com)\u003Cbr>Submitted: 16‑Mar‑2023, Revised: 30‑Mar‑2023, Accepted: 13‑Apr‑2023, Published: 13‑Jul‑2023 |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth common cancer worldwide.[1] The most commonly affected sub‑site is oral tongue[2] with oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC) making up around 22–49% of all oral cancers diagnosed. Data from across the world suggests that a progressively increasing incidence of OTSCC noticed in among young adults who are never smokers or drinkers is now emerging as a serious health concern. An alarming increase in the incidence reported across the  \n\n| Access this article online |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Quick Response Code: | Website:\u003Cbr>[www.jomfp.in](www.jomfp.in) |\n| |  |\n|  | DOI:\u003Cbr>10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_134_23 |\n\nworld, occurrence at a younger age and lack of a specific etiological factor which precludes the scope for prevention in a subset of population affected, stress the need for a durable treatment protocol that may offer a potential cure, an utmost priority in the management of tongue cancers.  \nThe introduction of immune checkpoint blockades which induces a long‑term durable response was a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. US Food and Drug Administration‑approved monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint receptors, anti‑CTLA‑4  \nThis is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.  \nFor [reprints contact:](reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com)[ WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com](reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolter","cbCaiglEe66bts9J","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiglEe66bts9J","pdf",689653,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Immune modulation—A promising cancer treatment modality\n# Immune evasive targets in tongue cancer","[{\"question\":\"Why is immunotherapy considered important in tongue cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy can produce durable responses and, in oral cancer, may be useful when surgery cannot be performed or has failed. Evidence also suggests first-line immunotherapy can elicit immune responses that shrink tumours.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitation exists in applying immunotherapy uniformly to oral cancer patients?\",\"answer\":\"Effective immunotherapy requires a site-specific personalized approach rather than a uniform protocol for all oral cancer patients.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the focus of this review article?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses immune evasive mechanisms used by tumour cells and explains how these mechanisms can serve as potential targets for immunotherapy in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.\"}]","Tumour Microenvironment as a Potential Immune Therapeutic Target for Tongue Cancer Management | PDF",1790267464]