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Mitochondria are now linked to immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment, therapy resistance, and metastatic progression, and evidence shows mitochondria can be transferred from neurons to cancer cells to increase invasiveness. This review synthesizes nerve–cancer interactions with a focused lens on genitourinary malignancies and discusses how these insights could guide novel therapeutic target development.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tumor-innervation-and-mitochondrial-transfer-in-the-cancer-pathogenesis-perspectives-on-genitourinary-malignancies/358412/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tumor-innervation-and-mitochondrial-transfer-in-the-cancer-pathogenesis-perspectives-on-genitourinary-malignancies/358412.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What new roles do mitochondria play in cancer beyond energy production?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Mitochondria are linked to immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment, therapy resistance, and metastatic progression.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How can mitochondria transfer affect tumor behavior?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Evidence indicates mitochondria can be transferred from neurons to tumor cells, correlating with increased invasiveness and metastatic potential.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the review’s specific focus regarding cancer types?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review focuses on genitourinary cancers, emphasizing how nerve–cancer interactions intersect with mitochondrial transfer in cancer pathogenesis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},358412,1790182602,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 14 January 2026 DOI 10.3389/fonc.2025.1710038  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nSharon R. Pine,  \nUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nEwa Czeslawa Izycka-Swieszewska, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland Adriana Jime´nez,  \nHospital Ju´arez de Me´xico, Mexico  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nLeonardo Oliveira Reis  \n [reisleo.l@gmail.com](reisleo.l@gmail.com)  \nRECEIVED 21 September 2025  \nREVISED 14 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 23 December 2025  \nPUBLISHED 14 January 2026  \nCITATION  \nAssoni L, Baboghlian J, Castilho RF and Reis LO (2026) Tumor innervation and mitochondrial transfer in the cancer pathogenesis: perspectives on genitourinary malignancies.  \nFront. Oncol. 15:1710038 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1710038  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Assoni, Baboghlian, Castilho and Reis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nTumor innervation and mitochondrial transfer in the cancer pathogenesis:  \nperspectives on genitourinary malignancies  \nLucas Assoni 1, Juliana Baboghlian 1,  \nRoger Frig´erio Castilho 2 and Leonardo Oliveira Reis 1,3,4*  \n1 UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São  \nPaulo, Brazil, 2 Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 3 ImmunOncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 4 Institutos Nacionais de Ciˆencia, Tecnologia e Inovaão (INCT) UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil  \nRecent advances have significantly expanded our understanding of the roles played by mitochondria and tumor innervation in tumorigenesis. Once viewed primarily as contributors to energy production and metastatic dissemination, mitochondria are now recognized as central players in broader processes, including immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment, therapy resistance, and metastatic progression. Interestingly, the findings have eventually converged, and evidence now shows that mitochondria can be transferred from neurons to tumor cells, resulting in enhanced invasiveness. While these discoveries are promising, they also present new challenges that must be addressed. As the interconnection between neuroscience, oncology, and immunology continues to deepen, these insights open new avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review explores the most recent findings regarding nerve-cancer interaction, with a specific focus on genitourinary cancers, highlights their emerging intersections, and discusses how these insights may inform the development of novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.  \nKEYWORDS  \ntumor innervation, cancer immunology, mitochondria transfer, plasticity, oncogenesis, genitourinary cancer  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with the highest incidence of primary tumors observed in the breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal tissues. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, projection models indicate an increase in both incidence and, particularly, mortality rates in underdeveloped countries when  \nFrontiers in Oncology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \ncompared to developed ones, suggesting a trend to a significantly higher burden in countries with less developed healthcare systems (1) . In the ongoing search for a better understanding of the processes that mediate cancer development, recent findings have highlighted the significant role of tumor","cbCaimxTcBOYrf4L","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimxTcBOYrf4L","pdf",2190081,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Cancer neurogenesis: role and importance for tumor development","[{\"question\":\"What new roles do mitochondria play in cancer beyond energy production?\",\"answer\":\"Mitochondria are linked to immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment, therapy resistance, and metastatic progression.\"},{\"question\":\"How can mitochondria transfer affect tumor behavior?\",\"answer\":\"Evidence indicates mitochondria can be transferred from neurons to tumor cells, correlating with increased invasiveness and metastatic potential.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the review’s specific focus regarding cancer types?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on genitourinary cancers, emphasizing how nerve–cancer interactions intersect with mitochondrial transfer in cancer pathogenesis.\"}]","Tumor innervation and mitochondrial transfer in the cancer pathogenesis: perspectives on genitourinary malignancies | PDF",1790134074,35]