[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-345040-105":59,"doc-detail-345040-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","tumor-exosomes-impact-functional-hallmarks-of-cancer","Tumor exosomes impact functional hallmarks of cancer","","Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, deliver oncogenic proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to nearby and distant cells, coordinating multiple signaling changes that drive malignant growth. The review synthesizes primary and landmark tumor-exosome studies within the updated 2022 Hallmarks of Cancer framework. It emphasizes how hypoxia strengthens exosome biogenesis and cargo selection to promote angiogenesis, survival, EMT, immune evasion, and metastasis, and considers roles in host–microbial interactions and immune checkpoint inhibitor responses.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tumor-exosomes-impact-functional-hallmarks-of-cancer/345040/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tumor-exosomes-impact-functional-hallmarks-of-cancer/345040.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How do tumor exosomes promote cancer progression?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"They transfer bioactive proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to recipient cells, coordinating molecular reprogramming across multiple signaling networks to support malignant growth, invasion, metastasis, and immune modulation.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What role does hypoxia play in tumor exosome biology?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Low-oxygen conditions in solid tumors enhance exosome biogenesis and selectively enrich cargo, promoting angiogenesis, cancer cell survival, EMT, immune evasion, and metastasis.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Why are tumor exosomes considered important for the 2022 Hallmarks of Cancer framework?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The review maps experimental findings onto the updated hallmark set, highlighting how exosomes help regulate diverse cancer-related processes and influence the tumor microenvironment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},345040,1790097159,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Cancer and Metastasis Reviews (2026) 45:22 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-026-10333-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-026-10333-2)  \nTumor exosomes impact functional hallmarks of cancer  \nMahdi Hejazi Laein1 · YazhiniThinakaran1 · Maryam Katoueezadeh1 · Ranjith Iyappan1 · Jake Baker1 · Pazhanichamy Kalailingam2 · SoFong Cam Ngan1 · Neil E. McCarthy3 · Panagiota Klentrou4 · Evangelia LitsaTsiani1 · Siu Kwan Sze1  \nReceived: 7 December 2025 / Accepted: 26 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026  \nAbstract  \nCancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, transfer oncogenic proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to both nearby and distant cells. These diverse bioactive molecules act synergistically to promote cancer progression by simultaneously modulating multiple signaling networks in recipient cells. By inducing coordinated and complex molecular reprogramming, exosomes provide tumors with a powerful mechanism to drive the diverse processes required for malignant growth, invasion, metastasis and immune modulation. This review integrates recent and landmark studies from primary studies of tumor exosomes and how they influence critical features of cancer as defined in the updated 2022 Hallmarks of Cancer framework. Tumour-derived exosomes not only drive proliferative signalling and metabolic rewiring, but also actively reprogram the stromal and immune compartments of the tumour microenvironment and condition distant tissues to form metastatic niches. In particular, we focus on hypoxia-driven exosome biology. The low-oxygen conditions that characterize most solid tumors enhances exosomal biogenesis and selectively enriches cargo with active molecules to promote angiogenesis, cancer cell survival, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune evasion and metastasis. The hypoxiaconditioned exosomes act as long-range carriers of stress-adaptation signals, extending the influence of the hostile tumour microenvironment to diverse cell types. Furthermore, we examine emerging roles for tumor-derived exosomes in modulating host-microbial interactions and influencing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, highlighting vesicle-mediated communication between tumors, the immune system, and polymorphic microbiomes. We also explore the potential of targeting exosome-mediated pathways for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. By mapping recent experimental findings onto the updated hallmarks of cancer, this review integrates the central role of exosomes in malignant progression and highlights their potential as therapeutic targets in the clinic.  \nKeywords Exosomes · Extracellular vesicles · Tumour · Hypoxia · Hallmarks of cancer  \nMahdi Hejazi Laein, Yazhini Thinakaran, Maryam Katoueezadehand Ranjith Iyappan contributed equally to this work.  \n* Siu Kwan Sze[nsze@brocku.ca](nsze@brocku.ca)  \n1 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada  \n2 Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA  \n3 Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart’sand The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK  \n4 Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer development requires the acquisition of new functions that distinguish tumor cells from normal cells, and can therefore be regarded as essential traits of the disease. This concept was formalized in the Hallmarks of Cancer framework first proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 [1], which identified key malignant features including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, induction ofangiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, genome instability and mutation, and immune evasion [1, 2] . The framework has since been updated","cbCaiugluPuTgmfs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiugluPuTgmfs","pdf",2215861,36,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How do tumor exosomes promote cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"They transfer bioactive proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to recipient cells, coordinating molecular reprogramming across multiple signaling networks to support malignant growth, invasion, metastasis, and immune modulation.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does hypoxia play in tumor exosome biology?\",\"answer\":\"Low-oxygen conditions in solid tumors enhance exosome biogenesis and selectively enrich cargo, promoting angiogenesis, cancer cell survival, EMT, immune evasion, and metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are tumor exosomes considered important for the 2022 Hallmarks of Cancer framework?\",\"answer\":\"The review maps experimental findings onto the updated hallmark set, highlighting how exosomes help regulate diverse cancer-related processes and influence the tumor microenvironment.\"}]","Tumor exosomes impact functional hallmarks of cancer | PDF",1790056330,91]