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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a biocompatible drug-carrier platform with stability and barrier-crossing capability. This study evaluates whether incorporating doxorubicin into breast cancer cell-derived EVs enables targeted, cell-specific uptake and improves therapeutic activity in vitro, compared with free doxorubicin. EV characterization, uptake assays, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and wound-healing readouts support the proposed precision-delivery potential.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tumor-derived-extracellular-vesicles-mediate-cell-specific-uptake-and-facilitate-enhanced-doxorubicin-delivery-in-breast-cancer/352285/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tumor-derived-extracellular-vesicles-mediate-cell-specific-uptake-and-facilitate-enhanced-doxorubicin-delivery-in-breast-cancer/352285.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address in chemotherapy for breast cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study targets limitations of chemotherapy caused by non-specificity, systemic toxicity, poor accumulation, and side effects, which reduce efficacy and can contribute to resistance and recurrence.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were extracellular vesicles prepared and characterized in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"EVs were isolated from MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about doxorubicin-loaded EVs versus free doxorubicin?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Doxorubicin-loaded EVs showed cell-type specificity in uptake, increased doxorubicin entrapment, reduced viability more effectively than free doxorubicin, and improved apoptosis and wound-healing suppression outcomes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},352285,1790174700,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 12 January 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1744895  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nMaliha Zahid,  \nMayo Clinic, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nHimanshu Kathuria, Nusmetics Pte Ltd., Singapore Yaqin Tang,  \nChongqing University of Technology, China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nPrakash Patil,  \n [prakashpatil@nitte.edu.in](prakashpatil@nitte.edu.in)  \nRECEIVED 12 November 2025  \nREVISED 20 December 2025  \nACCEPTED 25 December 2025  \nPUBLISHED 12 January 2026  \nCITATION  \nAlagundagi DB, Thomas MR, Sangamesh VC, J Rajendra VK, Shetty VV, Kabekkodu SP, Shetty P and Patil P (2026) Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles mediate cell-specific uptake and facilitate enhanced doxorubicin delivery in breast cancer.  \nFront. Pharmacol. 16:1744895 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1744895  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Alagundagi, Thomas, Sangamesh, J. Rajendra, Shetty, Kabekkodu, Shetty and Patil. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nTumor-derived extracellular vesicles mediate cell-specific uptake and facilitate enhanced doxorubicin delivery in breast cancer  \nDhananjay B. Alagundagi 1, Mahima Rachel Thomas 2,  \nVinay C. Sangamesh 2, Vinay Kumar J. Rajendra 3, Vijith V. Shetty 3, Shama Prasada Kabekkodu 4, Praveenkumar Shetty1,5 and Prakash Patil 1*  \n1Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, 2NITTE University Centre for Science Education and Research, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, 3Department of Oncology, Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, K S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, 4Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 5Department of Biochemistry, K S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India  \nBackground: Chemotherapy suppresses tumor growth and metastasis, but its efficacy is limited by non-specificity, systemic toxicity, poor accumulation and side effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cells have recently been tested for carrying drugs due to their biocompatibility, stability, and ability to cross biological barriers. We aimed to investigate the potential of drug incorporation to breast cancer (BC) cells-derived EVs and their targeted cellspecific delivery.  \nMethods: EVs were isolated from MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The cellular uptake of EVs assessed by PKH67 labelling and fluorescent microscopy. Doxorubicin (dox) was incorporated into EVs by sonication, entrapment was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . Further, BC cells cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and wound healing was determined for therapeutic efficacy of dox-loaded EVs compared to free dox.  \nResults: EVs had average size of 126.6 ± 58.6 nm (MDA-MB-231) and 163.3 ± 25.7 nm (MCF7), with spherical morphology. EVs exhibited significantly higher autologous uptake compared to allogenic, heterologous or non-cancerous uptake, confirming parent celltype specificity. Dox entrapment was 22. 84% and 29. 87% . Furthermore, dox-EVs reduced parent cell viability to 46. 1% (MDA-MB- 231) and 35. 3% (MCF7) compared to free dox treatment (63 . 4% and 62. 1%) . Additionally, dox-EVs suppressed wound healing and enhanced apoptosis more effectively than free Dox, while EVs alone promoted cell proliferation.  \nConclusion: Overall, EVs uptake is cell-specific, and drug incorporati","cbCailaTYJxuMdBl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailaTYJxuMdBl","pdf",8248708,15,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Key words\n## Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in chemotherapy for breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets limitations of chemotherapy caused by non-specificity, systemic toxicity, poor accumulation, and side effects, which reduce efficacy and can contribute to resistance and recurrence.\"},{\"question\":\"How were extracellular vesicles prepared and characterized in the study?\",\"answer\":\"EVs were isolated from MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about doxorubicin-loaded EVs versus free doxorubicin?\",\"answer\":\"Doxorubicin-loaded EVs showed cell-type specificity in uptake, increased doxorubicin entrapment, reduced viability more effectively than free doxorubicin, and improved apoptosis and wound-healing suppression outcomes.\"}]","Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles mediate cell-specific uptake and facilitate enhanced doxorubicin delivery in breast cancer | PDF",1790098752,38]