[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595366-105":59,"doc-detail-595366-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","tuition-policy-issues-in-russian-higher-education-olga-bain","Tuition policy issues in Russian higher education - Olga Bain","","The article examines how tuition policy in Russian public higher education has evolved under intensifying financial pressures. It analyzes the constitutional promise of tuition-free study and its conditional implementation, then traces policy shifts from contract-based quasi-tuition to self-financed students and full-fee private provision. It evaluates the student stipend system’s merit-based legacy, tuition cost differentiation, and proposals for indirect public fund allocation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tuition-policy-issues-in-russian-higher-education-olga-bain/595366/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tuition-policy-issues-in-russian-higher-education-olga-bain/595366.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What conditions does the 1993 Constitution set for tuition-free higher education in Russia?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It links tuition-free rights to studying for the first time and to admission through successful performance in competitive entrance examinations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the mid-1980s contract-training model function as a funding mechanism?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It shifted resources toward targeted preparation of specialists for particular industries, aiming for more efficient resource use and better responsiveness between universities and employers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is contract training described as quasi-tuition and what precedent did it create?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It offset training costs from the same public-funding sources as institutional allocations, creating little incentive change, yet it established a disguised tuition charge borne indirectly through enterprises and organizations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595366,1792208729,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \nTuition policy issues in Russian higher  \neducation  \nOLGA BAIN  \nState University of New York at Buffalo  \nIntroduction  \nThe world tendency in higher education is to the privatisation of financing. Increasingly, against the background of the declining availability of public resources for higher education, students and their parents are viewed as being capable of assuming a larger share of costs (Johnstone 1993; 1996) . Among the countries that are recent supporters of tuition-charged higher education are those nations undergoing the dramatic transformation from planned economy to market economy. Chinese universities and colleges can now charge tuition fees to all students. The Polish Parliament is preparing new higher education legislation that may legalise tuition. Great Britain has introduced tuition charges for domestic students. There are others following suit.  \nAccording to the 1993 Constitution, citizens of the Russian federation are entitled to tuition-free higher education. The Constitution, drawing on the Soviet model, stresses the social values of equality of access, social mobility and meritocracy. However, today developmentsin Russian higher education are increasingly shaped by financial pressures. The 1993 Constitution specifies that the right to tuition-free higher education is contingent upon two conditions: that higher education is being obtained for the first time, and that admission is gained upon successful performance in competitive entrance examinations. It leaves open the possibility of charging fees to those aspiring for a second higher education diploma, for example for retraining, and also those admitted on the basis of an entrance examination performance which fell short of entrance requirements.  \nIn the last decade the socio-economic fabric of Russian society has been transformed and this has changed fundamentally the conditions in which higher education is provided. There has been an enormous shortage of public money, resulting in ‘austerity’ in the sense that Johnstone (1996) uses the term, and a weakened current economy. These developments have made the maintenance of full public support of higher education not only undesirable but impossible. The questions of tuition fees, and costsharing between multiple benefactors - private and public employers, local governments, and students themselves –  \nhave become part of the policy agenda. As early as 1992, the Law on Education introduced the concept of cost sharing in higher education, complemented by a loan plan, similar to US practice. Since that time, however, the issues of tuition and loan schemes have alternately moved to the front of policy discussions, and retreated back.  \nThe present article examines recent developments with regard to tuition policy in Russia, in the global context. The‘cornerstones’ of tuition policy issues in Russian public higher education are discussed. It is argued that the pressures for tuition charge can only be understood in the policy context of the recent changes in Russian higher education. The article examines the evolution of the concept of tuition-charged higher education in Russia: from a quasi-tuition model in the form of contract training, to self-financed students in public institutions and full-fee private education. The article discusses the pros and cons of the student stipend system, inherited from the past in the form of a merit-based and equal opportunity targeted model, and examines the deterioration of the functions of this form of student financial assistance. The article examines patterns of differentiation in tuition costs in higher education. The recent proposal for tuition-grant bearing students, a mechanism for the indirect allocation of public funds, is considered.  \nTo charge or not to charge tuition?  \nThe contract-training model of the mid 1980s  \nNo-charge higher education was guaranteed by the USSR Constitution. However, in th","cbCaibrNsSwWiqHr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibrNsSwWiqHr","pdf",44394,"English","# Introduction\n# To charge or not to charge tuition?\n## The contract-training model of the mid 1980s","[{\"question\":\"What conditions does the 1993 Constitution set for tuition-free higher education in Russia?\",\"answer\":\"It links tuition-free rights to studying for the first time and to admission through successful performance in competitive entrance examinations.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the mid-1980s contract-training model function as a funding mechanism?\",\"answer\":\"It shifted resources toward targeted preparation of specialists for particular industries, aiming for more efficient resource use and better responsiveness between universities and employers.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is contract training described as quasi-tuition and what precedent did it create?\",\"answer\":\"It offset training costs from the same public-funding sources as institutional allocations, creating little incentive change, yet it established a disguised tuition charge borne indirectly through enterprises and organizations.\"}]","Tuition policy issues in Russian higher education - Olga Bain | PDF",1792080998,23]