[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-648265-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-648265-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","tubular-structures-in-architecture-mick-eekhout","TUBULAR STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE - MICK EEKHOUT","","Tubular structures in architecture are examined from both structural and architectural perspectives, emphasizing how tubes suit larger spans through superior compressive behavior and smooth aesthetic form. The text contrasts standard, system, and special product development with the demand for project-specific, more complex geometries. It also links minimal structures to force separation concepts and shows why irregular, high-tech, computer-aided designs increasingly influence stadium-scale applications and competition success.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/","Technology",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tubular-structures-in-architecture-mick-eekhout/648265/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tubular-structures-in-architecture-mick-eekhout/648265.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why are tubular structures particularly interesting in architecture for larger spans?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"They offer structural advantages for larger spans, including better behavior in compression, and they also provide a fluent, smooth aesthetic compared with open steel profiles.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How did computer technology change architectural approaches to tubular buildings?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"From the mid-1990s onward, accelerated by computer use, architects gained attention for deviating geometrical forms, enabling fluent and free-form building shapes beyond regular structures.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What drives architects toward irregular or high-tech tubular designs in competitions?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Architects seek to avoid predictable regular geometry, aiming to astonish juries and clients; 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From the 1970-ies onwards high tech architectural caught much attention. From 1995 onwards, accelerated by the intense use of the computer, attention came also on deviating geometrical forms of buildings, the fluent form buildings and the free form buildings. ‘Fluent’forms of buildings have geometries which can be derived by mathematical formulas and hence are more or less communicable. Free forms are free forms and literally cannot be generated by mathematical forms. The form of these buildings has to be established by the architect and other parties just have to follow. Yet the future of tubular structures is only colored by these pilot projects. The majority of applications is still quite functional and straightforward.  \nKeywords: Architecture, tubular structures, free forms, high-tech.  \n1 Introduction  \nSince half a century tubular structures are popular in architecture. Originally they were seen as substitutes for classical open steel profiles. But the circular and square cross sections had better advantages over open profiles. Tubes were developed gradually and finally exploited to achieve results that were never dreamt of with conventional steel structures. Material efficiency of the cross section led to open profiles, extremely good for bending. Tubes are better in compression. But tubes also have an esthetical appearance which lifts them above open profiles. They are not angular, but more fluent. In general they give a more smooth appearance in contrast with the more robust open profiles. In designing tubular connections they can be chosen as being abruptly in case of many tubes connecting to one point or being smoothly when forces are visually flowing from one tube into other tubes.  \nFigure 1. Abrupt connection of tubes Figure 2. Smooth connection of tubes  \nProceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Tubular Structures.  \nEditors: X. D. Qian and Y.S. Choo  \nCopyright 􀀍c ISTS2019 Editors. All rights reserved.  \nPublished by Research Publishing, Singapore.  \nISBN: 978-981-11-0745-0; doi:10 .3850/978-981-11-0745-0  mick-cd 1  \n2 Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Tubular Structures (ISTS 17)  \nThe development of tubular structures, load bearing structures, in general for larger spans, not only has been guided by its pure function of load capacity by structural engineers, but also has increasingly been influenced by architectural engineers with a bit more design considerations involved.  \n2 Product development of tubular structures  \nThe time of standard products seems over. In the trio of standard products, system products and special products in product development, the system products like space frame structures are also almost past. Architects want to design their own structures with a remarkable project characteristic. From the experience with system products we know the base of system products are half-products like steel tubes and pipes, which get a free form production treatment, often maltreatment: cornering, bending and curving, all to transform simple straightforward steel tubes into ingenious tubular components, each with their own form and connections, but at a cost. We can apparently afford this as we are living in quite a luxurious world.  \nDespite this reasoning in general in the last decade regular geometric structures were favourite and still make up the vast majority of buildings nowadays. It is the rational structural design towards minimal material use, combined repetition in production and assembly th","cbCaikkpW2ZdqciQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikkpW2ZdqciQ","pdf",1576778,"English","# 1 Introduction\n# 2 Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Tubular Structures (ISTS 17)\n## 2 Product development of tubular structures\n# 3 High-Tech structures","[{\"question\":\"Why are tubular structures particularly interesting in architecture for larger spans?\",\"answer\":\"They offer structural advantages for larger spans, including better behavior in compression, and they also provide a fluent, smooth aesthetic compared with open steel profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"How did computer technology change architectural approaches to tubular buildings?\",\"answer\":\"From the mid-1990s onward, accelerated by computer use, architects gained attention for deviating geometrical forms, enabling fluent and free-form building shapes beyond regular structures.\"},{\"question\":\"What drives architects toward irregular or high-tech tubular designs in competitions?\",\"answer\":\"Architects seek to avoid predictable regular geometry, aiming to astonish juries and clients; computer rendering and analysis make such structural manipulations more feasible.\"}]","TUBULAR STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE - MICK EEKHOUT | PDF",1792792884]