[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-620881-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-620881-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","trust-measures-early-measures-of-trust","Trust Measures - Early Measures of Trust","","Trust is identified as central to the credibility of the examination system, supported by arguments that examination results function as “social facts” whose value depends on the status they receive in society. The launch of Ofqual and subsequent initiatives are discussed alongside scandals that may have weakened public trust. The paper reviews rationale for measuring trust, including its links to efficiency and its predictive value in patient–physician relationships, then introduces early experimental trust measures such as mixed-motive and prisoner’s dilemma games.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/trust-measures-early-measures-of-trust/620881/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/trust-measures-early-measures-of-trust/620881.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Riley West","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-20",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why is public trust considered central to the examination system?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Trust is described as foundational to the credibility and legitimacy of examination results, which rely on the social status accorded to them. Scandals and media scrutiny are said to influence this trust.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What role does Ofqual play in promoting confidence in GCSEs and A levels?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Ofqual is presented as an independent regulator committed to promoting public confidence and conducting reliability “health-checks” of tests, examinations, and teacher assessments, along with other monitoring initiatives.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How does the paper motivate measuring trust beyond satisfaction?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"It explains that satisfaction looks backward while trust looks forward, and cites evidence that trust can better predict adherence in patient contexts. Measuring trust is also linked to institutional efficiency and reduced costly contingency actions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},620881,1792464713,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":79,"read_time":144},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Trust is recognised as being central to the credibility of the examination system. Wiliam (1996), for example, argued that the maintenance of examination standards is partly dependent upon those responsible for standard setting being trusted by users of examination results:  \n“Examination results are ‘social facts’; like bank notes they depend for their value on the status that is accorded to them within a social system.”  \n(Wiliam, 1996, p.304) .  \nIn May 2008, the Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator (Ofqual) was launched. From the outset, the new independent regulator has made it clear that it is committed to promoting public confidence in GCSEs and A levels. Over the next two years, Ofqual will be undertaking a ‘health-check’ on the reliability of tests, examinations and teacher assessments (Garner, 2008) . Other Ofqual initiatives include additional monitoring of awarding bodies’customer service arrangements and use of new technology in examinations (Ofqual, 2008);  \nhighlighting the importance of public trust in final examination results and the processes and services that underpin them. The founders of Ofqual have acknowledged that reform to GCSEsand A levels, and the introduction of the Diploma qualification mean that now, more than ever, efforts must be made to monitor and engender the public’s trust (Curtis, 2008) .  \nExaminations, and the agencies responsible for administering and grading them, have been subject to a number of scandals e.g. the Scottish Qualifications Authority crises in 2000, the Edexcel crises in 2001, the A level results crises in England in 2002 (McCaig, n.d), and the failure of the delivery of this year’s SATs results (Curtis, 2008) . These scandals, coupled with the increased scrutiny by the British press of examination standards (Murphy, 2004), and the technicalities of grading examinations (Warmington & Murphy, 2004), seem likely to have affected the public’s trust. Indeed, current events and media images have been identified as key in shaping trust in public institutions (Mechanic, 1996) . Worryingly, there is also evidence to suggest that negative events are more visible, carry greater psychological weight, are perceived as more credible, and hinder the kind of experiences needed to overcome distrust in the future (Slovac, 1993) .  \nIn the past, assessment agencies have measured satisfaction with the services they provide (Chamberlain & Taylor, 2006), but have overlooked trust. Recent research within the medical profession has shown trust to be related to, but conceptually distinct from, satisfaction:“satisfaction looks backward based on past experience, while trust looks forward, an expectation of future behaviour” (Thom et al. 2004) . One study, concerned with the patientphysician relationship, even found trust to be better than satisfaction at predicting which patients remained with their physician and adhered to medical advice (Thom, Ribsil, Steward, Luke & The Stanford Trust Study Physicians, 1999) . Such findings imply that institutions, such as awarding bodies and their regulator, could use trust measures as evaluation tools, either along with, or instead of, satisfaction measures (Barr, Vergun, & Barley, 2000) . Furthermore, trust measurements could be salient in informing policy positions e.g. the information that Ofqual could generate on the reliability of examination results to promote public confidence.  \nA further rationale for measuring trust is that high trust levels engender greater efficiency within institutions and reduce the need for costly contingency arrangements (Mechanic, 1996) . Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2000, p. 550), for example, note that “as trust declines, the costs of doing business increase because people must engage in self-protective actions and continually make provisions for the possibility of opportunistic behaviour on the part of others”. Distrust in the operations of an awarding body could lead to an increase in enquiries after result","cbCaihZbthtGeXby","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihZbthtGeXby","pdf",613425,15,"English","# TRUST MEASURES\n## Early measures of trust","[{\"question\":\"Why is public trust considered central to the examination system?\",\"answer\":\"Trust is described as foundational to the credibility and legitimacy of examination results, which rely on the social status accorded to them. Scandals and media scrutiny are said to influence this trust.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does Ofqual play in promoting confidence in GCSEs and A levels?\",\"answer\":\"Ofqual is presented as an independent regulator committed to promoting public confidence and conducting reliability “health-checks” of tests, examinations, and teacher assessments, along with other monitoring initiatives.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper motivate measuring trust beyond satisfaction?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that satisfaction looks backward while trust looks forward, and cites evidence that trust can better predict adherence in patient contexts. Measuring trust is also linked to institutional efficiency and reduced costly contingency actions.\"}]","Trust Measures - Early Measures of Trust | PDF",38]