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They regulate key biological processes including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational pathways, thereby shaping cancer initiation and progression. Accumulating evidence links tsRNAs to tumorigenesis via effects on malignant proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune responses, therapy resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. tsRNAs are also detectable in body fluids in free or extracellular vesicle–encapsulated forms, enabling intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and supporting biomarker and therapeutic target applications through tumor-associated clinicopathological correlations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/trna-derived-small-rnas-in-human-cancers-roles-mechanisms-and-clinical-application/339206/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/trna-derived-small-rnas-in-human-cancers-roles-mechanisms-and-clinical-application/339206.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ava Thompson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and how are they produced?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"tsRNAs are non-coding RNAs produced by specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. 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Their abnormal expression correlates with clinicopathological features and prognosis, supporting their use as liquid biopsy biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},339206,1790638121,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1649267921044,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1786009248482753345","Zhou et al. Molecular Cancer (2024) 23:76 Molecular Cancer  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-01992-2](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-01992-2)  \nREVIEW Open Access  \ntRNA-derived small RNAs in human cancers: roles, mechanisms, and clinical application  \nManli Zhou 1,2†, Xiaoyun He3†, Jing Zhang 1, Cheng Mei4*, Baiyun Zhong2* and Chunlin Ou 1,5*  \nAbstract  \nTransfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a new type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by the specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. tsRNAs are involved in various basic biological processes such as epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translation regulation, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of various human diseases, including cancers. Recent studies have shown that tsRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis by regulating biological behaviors such as malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor resistance, and tumor metabolism reprogramming.  \nThese may be new potential targets for tumor treatment. Furthermore, tsRNAs can exist abundantly and stably in various bodily fluids (e. g., blood, serum, and urine) in the form of free or encapsulated extracellular vesicles, thereby affecting intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME) . Meanwhile, their abnormal expression is closely related to the clinicopathological features of tumor patients, such as tumor staging, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of tumor patients; thus, tsRNAs can be served as a novel type of liquid biopsy biomarker. This review summarizes the discovery, production, and expression of tsRNAs and analyzes their molecular mechanisms in tumor development and potential applications in tumor therapy, which may provide new strategies for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of tumors.  \nKeywords tRNA-derived small RNAs, Extracellular vesicles, Metabolic reprogramming, Tumor microenvironment, Liquid biopsy, Therapeutic target  \n†Manli Zhou and Xiaoyun He contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors.  \n*Correspondence: Cheng Mei [meicheng@csu.edu.cn](meicheng@csu.edu.cn)[ ](meicheng@csu.edu.cn)Baiyun Zhong [xycsuhn@163.com](xycsuhn@163.com)[ ](xycsuhn@163.com)Chunlin Ou [ouchunlin@csu.edu.cn](ouchunlin@csu.edu.cn)  \n1Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China  \n2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China  \n3Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China  \n4Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan  \n410008, China  \n5National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ([http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero","cbCaihcV6j8xpviQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihcV6j8xpviQ","pdf",5656900,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What are tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and how are they produced?\",\"answer\":\"tsRNAs are non-coding RNAs produced by specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. They are generated through regulated tRNA processing rather than random degradation.\"},{\"question\":\"How do tsRNAs contribute to cancer biology?\",\"answer\":\"tsRNAs influence cancer-related behaviors including malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, therapy resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. They also regulate processes at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translation levels.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are tsRNAs considered promising for clinical use?\",\"answer\":\"tsRNAs can be found abundantly and stably in bodily fluids, including in free or extracellular vesicle–encapsulated forms. Their abnormal expression correlates with clinicopathological features and prognosis, supporting their use as liquid biopsy biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.\"}]","tRNA-derived small RNAs in human cancers: roles, mechanisms, and clinical application | PDF",1790028687,53]